Chola Thread - Can we believe that 1000 years ago, Cholas had a great civilisation with great achievements in all fields like military conquest, efficient structrured administration, cultural assimilation, world class irrigation, tax system, colleges etc #PonniyinSelvan
Chola Architecture - Cholas have built nearly 300 stone temples with finest artistic achievements for the monumentality of conception, architectural grandeur, powerful sculpture and fine painting.
Chola Administration - They had clear layers of Administration - Central Administration led by Peruntarams, Provincial Administration (Mandals), Mandals were divided into Kottams or Valanadus, then to nadu and to villages. Nadus were led by Naatars and their court is Naatavai
Chola Variyams - Village Assemblies effectively managed by variyams, made up of eminent members of society. Thottavariyam looked after the flower gardens, Niyaya variyam administered justice, Dharma variyam took care charities & temples, Erivariyam was took care water tanks.
Chola Army - The Chola army had elephants, cavalry, and infantry. The ranks of nayaks and senapathis were enjoyed by commanders. There were lakhs of trained soldiers. There were 60,000 elephants in the Chola army. To strengthen the cavalry, expensive Arabian horses were imported
Chola Tax System - Main source of income was land revenue. Land survey was carried out and divided into taxable land and non-taxable land. The revenue from land varied according to grades. Generally, 1/6 of the land yield was collected as tax, either in cash or in kind, or both
Chola Other Tax System - Aside from land revenue, there were other sources of income such as customs and tolls. Mine, port, forest, and salt pan taxes were levied. Professional and property taxes were also levied. A slew of other taxes were imposed.
Chola Roads - The Cholas also constructed “grand trunk roads”, which served as arteries of commerce and communication. Their existence must have facilitated the rapid movements, of the Chola forces during military expeditions.
Chola Irrigation - They had channels called Vativaykkal (it stands for north-south and east-west respectively) which helped gather water from the delta. Canal systems, stone dams, bunds and wells were dug to help farmers tanks were built for collections and storage.
Chola Rain Harvesting - They were also the first to introduce rain harvesting as a practice. This led to a boost in agriculture/ An interesting fact is that even common people contributed to this process. For instance, a stone sluice has been found that names Korra Nangi
Chola society - The temple served as the focal point for all social, religious gatherings. The surroundings of this region became a school for people, where students were taught the Holy Scriptures & Vedas. This was also a safe haven during times of war and political upheaval.
Chola Trade and Commerce - The Cholas established trade connections throughout Sri Lanka, South-East Asia, and even China into the trade network. There are mentions of 72 nagarams and numerous trade guilds.
Chola Trade and Commerce - Both Mahablipuram and Kaveripattanam were significant port cities.
Nagarattars were nagaram assemblies. Trading organisations established fortified settlements known as Erivirpattinams along trunk roads, guarded by army cantonments known as Nilaippadai
Nagarattars were nagaram assemblies. Trading organisations established fortified settlements known as Erivirpattinams along trunk roads, guarded by army cantonments known as Nilaippadai
Chola Trade and Commerce - The barter system was mostly used, and paddy was even used as a unit of exchange. Pon, Kasu, and Kalanju gold coins were used in large scale exchanges. Silver coins were also used.
Chola Education - The Chola kings were great patrons of learning, establishing charities to support Sanskrit education. At Ennayiram, Rajendra I founded a Vedic college. This centre housed 340 students studying the Vedas, Grammar, Vedanta under the tutelage of 14 teachers.
Chola Colleges - Establishment of two more such colleges, in Tribuvani & Tirumukudal. Vedas, Sanskrit grammar, religion, and philosophies were among the subjects taught in Sanskrit centres. Also taught mathematics & medicine. To run these institutions,a land endowment was formed
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