Here's a network graph for a popular hashtag. Since the graph has no labels, you can't tell what hashtag it is, or what anything in the graph actually means, but it's colorful and pretty and weird and therefore incredibly tempting to retweet, right?
The hashtag in question is #CatsOfTwitter, and here's a more boring-looking version of the same graph with more context. The interaction being graphed is retweets, with the more frequently-retweeted accounts shown larger on the graph, and the date range is also included.
One can alter the apparent meaning of a graph via manual editing. Here, three of the accounts have been dragged off to the top left, suggesting a relationship between them that isn't supported by the underlying data. It's technically still "correct", but it's misleading.
Graphs can also be misleading if one highlights a particular aspect without exploring it. Here, the retweets from bots (automated accounts) have been colored pink, revealing what appears to be a cluster of automated activity. Is this some kind of nefarious #CatsOfTwitter botnet?
Nope. Changing settings so that the label size is proportional to the number of times the account retweeted a #CatsOfTwitter tweet (rather than the number of times the account was retweeted) reveals that almost all of the automated activity is from just two accounts.
Overall point: while data visualizations are very useful and effective (and sometimes pretty) ways of summarizing lots of data, context is vital to interpreting them and should always be included.
Footnote: for this portion of the thread, automation was determined based on the source app used to post the tweet/retweet as provided by the Twitter API.
Meet @DixonCox12 (ID 1329868424382705668), a right-wing shitpost account with a stolen profile photo, 20 thousand followers, and a variety of logically unsound opinions.
Many of @DixonCox12's tweets have gone quite viral. Recurring themes include COVID vaccine misinformation, evidence-free insinuations that the 2020 US election was illegitimate, and bizarre claims that the Russian invasion of Ukraine is a money laundering scheme by the Democrats.
Why do @DixonCox12's tweets get so much interaction? The most likely explanation is relatively mundane: the account has a variety of followers, mostly prominent right wing influencers. (How these popular users ended up following a likely inauthentic account is an open question.)
It's always a great day to not buy used Twitter accounts from shady websites, and this batch of merchandise being sold by "VIP STORE" on accs-market(dot)com is particularly worthless. #FridayFail
Although some of the accounts being sold have impressive numbers of followers (@nft_projects_s has just over 100 thousand), almost all of these followers are empty accounts created in September or October 2022.
The empty accounts following the for-sale accounts are part a fake follower network associated with shady follower sales site sohsh(dot)com, described in more detail here:
Meet @gracessnow1 (permanent ID 926799990), allegedly an anti-Trump Account Manager from Washington, USA. At least three things are not as they seem, however.
First, a quick reverse image search reveals that @gracessnow1's profile photo also appears on LinkedIn as the profile photo of an "Account Manager", but with a completely different name: "Alexandra Sanderson" rather than "Grace S Snow". The alleged employers also differ.
Second, most of @gracessnow1's followers are fake. The first 1000 of the account's 1076 followers are accounts with 0 tweets and 0 likes created in September 2022, and belong to a fake follower network associated with follower sales website sohsh(dot)com.
Meet @nftsmmpanel, a Twitter account created in August 2022 that sells likes, followers, and retweets via a shady website. Can we find some of its merchandise? (Spoiler: yup) #SundayAstroturf
Sohsh(dot)com, the website promoted by @nftsmmpanel, offers a variety of services (followers, likes, etc) on a variety of social media platforms, including Twitter, Telegram and Instagram. It also offers an API (applications programming interface) to automate purchases.
Unsurprisingly, @nftsmmpanel appears to have gotten high on its own supply. Almost all of its followers are accounts created in September 2022 with zero tweets and zero likes, presumably examples of the followers sold on its website.
Meet @SpartacusJustic, @Lakovos_Justice, and @ClarkOlsin, a trio of accounts with superheroesque profile pics and a penchant for tweeting conspiracy theories about vaccines (mostly, but not exclusively COVID vaccines).
One of the three accounts (@SpartacusJustic) has repeatedly gotten thousands of retweets on tweets containing various bogus claims about COVID vaccines causing mass death/illness and an alleged secret plot by Bill Gates to depopulate the planet.
The other two accounts (@ClarkOlsin and @Lakovos_Justice) post similar content, but have been silent since early June and have few followers. Some of @ClarkOlsin's videos have nevertheless racked up massive view counts due to being embedded in @SpartacusJustic's viral tweets.
How can we tell that @proogb's face is GAN-generated? There are a few tells, most obviously the flesh-colored patches on the glasses where the blue background should be.
(GAN = "generative adversarial network", the AI technique used by thispersondoesnotexist.com and similar tools)
Unmodified GAN-generated faces (at least, so far) have the telltale trait that the major facial features (especially eyes) are in the same location on every image. This becomes evident when one blends multiple GAN-generated faces together.