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Alex Xu

Oct 26 • 10 tweets • 3 min read

/1 Why is PostgreSQL voted the 𝐦𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐥𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐝 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞 by Stackoverflow 2022 Developer Survey?

The diagram shows the many use cases by PostgreSQL - one database that includes almost 𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 developers need.

/2 🔹OLTP (Online Transaction Processing)

We can use PostgreSQL for CRUD (Create-Read-Update-Delete) operations.

/3 🔹OLAP (Online Analytical Processing)

We can use PostgreSQL for analytical processing. PostgreSQL is based on 𝐇𝐓𝐀𝐏 (Hybrid transactional/analytical processing) architecture, so it can handle both OLTP and OLAP well.

/4 🔹FDW (Foreign Data Wrapper)

A FDW is an extension available in PostgreSQL that allows us to access a table or schema in one database from another.

/5 🔹Streaming

PipelineDB is a PostgreSQL extension for high-performance time-series aggregation, designed to power real-time reporting and analytics applications.

/6 🔹Geospatial

PostGIS is a spatial database extender for PostgreSQL object-relational database. It adds support for geographic objects, allowing location queries to be run in SQL.

/7 🔹Time Series

Timescale extends PostgreSQL for time series and analytics. For example, developers can combine relentless streams of financial and tick data with other business data to build new apps and uncover unique insights.

/8 🔹Distributed Tables

CitusData scales Postgres by distributing data & queries.

/9 👉 Over to you: Which database do you like the most?

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More from @alexxubyte

Alex Xu

@alexxubyte

Oct 20

/1 What are the differences between B-Tree and LSM-Tree?

/2 𝐁-𝐓𝐫𝐞𝐞

B-Tree is the most widely used indexing data structure in almost all relational databases.

The basic unit of information storage in B-Tree is usually called a “page”. To look up a key, it traces down the range of keys until the actual value is found.

/3 𝐋𝐒𝐌-𝐓𝐫𝐞𝐞

LSM-Tree (Log-Structured Merge Tree) is widely used by many NoSQL databases, such as Cassandra, LevelDB, and RocksDB.

LSM-trees maintain key-value pairs and are persisted to disk using a Sorted Strings Table (SSTable), in which the keys are sorted.

Read 6 tweets

Alex Xu

@alexxubyte

Oct 19

/1 Is Telegram secure?

Let’s first define what “secure” means. A “secure” chat in a messaging App generally means the message is encrypted at the sender side and is only decryptable at the receiver side. It is also called “E2EE” (end-to-end encryption).

/2 𝐓𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐦'𝐬 𝐮𝐬𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐠𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐩 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐧'𝐭 𝐞𝐧𝐝-𝐭𝐨-𝐞𝐧𝐝 𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐫𝐲𝐩𝐭𝐞𝐝

It generally means third parties can intercept and read your messages. Telegram uses the following approach for security:

/3 🔸The encrypted message is stored in Telegram servers, but split into several pieces and stored in different countries.

🔸The decryption keys are also split and saved in different countries.

Read 8 tweets

Alex Xu

@alexxubyte

Oct 17

/1 What protocol does 𝐨𝐧𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐠𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐠 use to transmit data? TCP or UDP?

A common practice is to use RUDP (Reliable UDP). It adds a 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 mechanism on top of UDP so that it provides 𝐦𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 than TCP and guarantees accuracy.

/2 The diagram below shows how reliable data delivery is implemented in online gaming to get eventually-synchronized states.

/3 Suppose there is a big fight in a simulation shooter game. Characters A, B, and C open fires in sequence. How does the game server transmit the states from the game server to the game client?

Read 8 tweets

Alex Xu

@alexxubyte

Oct 13

/1 How do fintech startups find new opportunities among so many payment companies? What do PayPal, Stripe, and Square do exactly? 👇

/2 🔸Steps 0-1: The cardholder opens an account in the issuing bank and gets the debit/credit card. The merchant registers with ISO or MSP (Member Service Provider) for in-store sales. ISO/MSP partners with payment processors to open merchant accounts.

/3 🔸Steps 2-5: The acquiring process.

The payment gateway accepts the transaction and collects payment info. It is then sent to a payment processor, which uses customer information to collect payments. The acquiring processor sends the transaction to the card network.

Read 6 tweets

Alex Xu

@alexxubyte

Oct 10

/1 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐖𝐞𝐛 3.0? Why doesn’t it have 𝐚𝐝𝐬?

The diagram below shows Web 1.0/Web 2.0/Web 3.0 from a bird's-eye view.

/2 🔹Web 1.0 - Read Only

Between 1991 and 2004, the internet is like a 𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐚𝐥𝐨𝐠 of 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐩𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐬. We can browse the content by jumping from one hyperlink to another. It doesn’t provide any interactions with the content.

/3 🔹Web 2.0 - Read Write

From 2004 to now, the internet has evolved to have search engines, social media apps, and recommendation algorithms backed apps.

Read 9 tweets