Mike Driscoll Profile picture
Nov 5 β€’ 3 tweets β€’ 2 min read
#Python includes two functions for creating sets. You are probably familiar with `set()`, so let's talk about the `frozenset()` built-in today! β˜ƒοΈπŸ

docs.python.org/3/library/stdt…

#python_builtins_by_driscollis

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The `set()` data type is mutable, which means you can add and remove items. The `frozenset()` is immutable and hashable.

That means you can NOT change a `frozenset` after creation.

However, because it is immutable you can use them for dict keys or as an element in a set
Here are a couple of examples of creating a `frozenset()` in #Python

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More from @driscollis

Nov 4
Python dataclasses were added in 3.7. This module provides a decorator and functions for automatically adding generated special methods such as __init__() and __repr__() to user-defined classes.

The original definition can be found here:

python.org/dev/peps/pep-0…

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Here is a fairly simple example of creating a dataclass in #Python Image
If you need to add a #Python list or dictionary field to a dataclass, then you will need to import the `field()` function from the dataclass module

Then specify the appropriate `default_factory` to create the field Image
Read 4 tweets
Oct 27
#Python has a TON of different ways to create executables!

Here are some of the packages you can use:

🐍 PyInstaller
🐍 Py2Exe
🐍 cx_freeze
🐍 Briefcase
🐍 Nuitka
🐍 py2app

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If you want to create a Mac executable, you can use any of these:

🐍 PyInstaller
🐍 Briefcase
🐍 py2app
🐍 Nuitka
When creating a Windows executable with PyInstaller or py2exe, avoid using the single-file option.

If you use the single-file option, Windows Defender may think you are creating malware and delete it or flag it.

You can sign your executables to prevent this
Read 7 tweets
Oct 25
Python dataclasses were added in 3.7. This module provides a decorator and functions for automatically adding generated special methods such as __init__() and __repr__() to user-defined classes.

The original definition can be found here:

python.org/dev/peps/pep-0…

πŸ§΅πŸπŸ‘‡
Here is a fairly simple example of creating a dataclass in #Python Image
If you need to add a #Python list or dictionary field to a dataclass, then you will need to import the `field()` function from the dataclass module

Then specify the appropriate `default_factory` to create the field Image
Read 4 tweets
Oct 12
One of #Python's many built-in functions is called `id()`. You can use `id()` to return the β€œidentity” of an object.

The id is an integer which is guaranteed to be unique and constant for this object during its lifetime.

#python_builtins_by_driscollis

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CPython implementation detail for ids: This is the address of the object in memory.

Identity and equality are NOT the same in Python!

For example, the two lists in the following example equal each other (i.e. have the same contents), but their id is different!
In CPython, there is an optimization where the first 256 integers have the same identity

This can be proven with Python's `id()` function.

So in this case, the identity and the equality are the same
Read 5 tweets
Oct 11
Today we are going to talk about the basics of unit testing in #Python

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The Python programming language includes built-in packages for testing:

🐍 doctest
🐍 unittest
I already did a thread on Python's `doctest`:

Read 13 tweets
Sep 18
Did you know that #Python supports arrays? No, I'm not talking about Python lists. I'm talking about the array module! 🐍🀯

docs.python.org/3/library/arra…

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When you create an array object in #Python, the first argument has to be one of the following strings (AKA typecode):

b, B, u, h, H, i, I, l, L, q, Q, f or d

The second argument is optional, but must be a list
Here is an example of using #Python's array module:
Read 4 tweets

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