Let's talk about the 2016 University of Hawaii-Manoa lab explosion as a case study in #LabSafety practices.
A few of the photos will be marked sensitive because a postdoc lost an arm in the explosion & there's blood at the scene.
This story is a warning to all researchers.
The research lab studies bioremediation and biofuels: microbial cultures are fed 70% hydrogen, 25% O2 and 5% CO2 and coaxed into producing biofuel substrates.
This is the 49L steel tank containing the gas mixture. It has a valve that feeds the bioreactor.
You can see the bioreactor in the corner here, post-explosion, with the large yellow pressure gauge.
All of this, if you can't tell, is assembled from parts designed for similar, but not identical, applications.
That's the nature of research: novelty, adaptation.
An investigation suggests it was the circuit board inside the pressure gauge on top of the tank that ignited the mixture.
The postdoc later reported she would get minor static shocks from it, indicating insufficient grounding. It was not an "intrinsically safe" model.
The ignition of the hydrogen-oxygen mix exploded the 49 L tank, sending shrapnel through the postdoc's elbow, severing her right arm.
She crawled to the lab door, which was blocked by debris. A grad student & security personnel kicked in the door to rescue her.
I'm happy to say she's alive &well & still researching in her field.
The lab was severely damaged.
The university was fined for occupational health failures: blocked exit routes, lack of training, lack of proper safety gear, inadequate safety plans, failure to follow process.
There's a saying in my workplace: safety is everyone's responsibility.
It's easy to roll your eyes at all the training, precautions, redundancies.
I want to remind people of the life-changing consequences of something as small as a poorly grounded flow regulator.
This photo is of the bloody lab coat the postdoc was wearing, so marked sensitive.
To all of my fellow 'lab rats', I'm asking that you think about safety as your first priority, for yourself, for your lab-mates, and for the people who love you.
If you're ever frustrated with an experiment, consider the example of the Queensland Pitch Drop Experiment begun in 1927, the longest running experiment... and I want to really make this land for you... STILL HAS NOT technically yielded a single direct observation as of 2022.
The experiment was started by Professor of Physics, Univ of Queensland, Thomas Parnell, as a demonstration that pitch remains a liquid at room temperature.
He heated the pitch, loaded it into a funnel, let it settle over 3 years, then cut the base of the funnel to let it flow.
There wasn't temperature control at first, and drops were falling at a rate of about 1 per 8 years. Sometime after 7th drop fell in 1988, temperature control was added, and the period of drops extended to 12-13 years.
But the researchers involved kept missing droplets falling.
I want to tell you the story of Vivienne Malone-Mayes, Texas-born mathemetician and professor, but I don't think you can understand her journey without talking about the #AcademicRacism in which she existed.
Vivienne attended segregated schools in her home-town of Waco. She finished her BS in medicine at 19, a masters at 21, switched to mathematics after studying under Evelyn Boyd Granville (shown), who helped program the calculations for Mercury and later Apollo missions.
In 1962, she was refused admission to Baylor University (in Waco), which would be whites-only until '64. Instead, she enrolled at the University of Texas (in Austin) in a PhD program for mathematics. She was the only woman & the only Black person in her class.
Up until 1979, you would have been justified in saying "All life on Earth depends on the Sun for energy."
But today we know that's NOT true. Thanks to a 17-ton submarine named Alvin, the Galapagos Islands, and 'black smokers'.
DSV Alvin belongs to Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, commissioned in 1964. It set dive depth records on almost every dive & titanium hull upgrades in 1973 made it possible to reach mid-oceanic ridges where spreading occurs between plates.
It also separated for quick escape!
The problem it solved was "sonar spreading": there are limits to which sonar can be used to resolve fine details at depth, so the structures of spreading ridges were largely unknown.
DSV Alvin made it possible to observe them up close.
Let's talk about the Great Dying, the largest mass extinction event in Earth's history, dividing Permian & Triassic periods, about 251 MYA.
57% of all biological FAMILIES went extinct (think "hominids" "felids" "ursids").
81% of marine & 70% of terrestrial species died out.
There were likely many causes for this profound die-off of biodiversity that lasted between 3 & 10 million years.
What's clear & preserved in the rocks is that the Earth's atmosphere changed, the oceans acidified, and whole ecosystems disappeared "suddenly".
A key event is the eruption of the Siberian "Traps" which is a Swedish term for "stairs" and refers to the basalt magma fields resulting from a mantle plume that covered 7 million km^2, all the modern area outlined below.
This area already contained coal, which likely gasified.
"How many immigrants do you want in your home?" is an argument that tells on itself.
Social programs are publicly supported: they incur taxpayer costs to lessen suffering, but don't require we sacrifice normalcy for ourselves.
That is, the way we deal with the unhoused is not zero sum.
Me wanting homeless veterans to have housing, food, medical care doesn't mean I personally have to share my personal home, meals & medicine chest. That's not how these programs work.
How it tells on itself: the idea of providing care to the helpless is a personal affront to these people. They feel diminished & the idea of having an immigrant family in their home is horrifying to them.
It's a gambit that's telling on the racism & indifference behind it.
Atomic tests near Las Vegas, NV were so common in the 1950's that they became a tourist attraction.
Visible from the strip, an atomic test occurred about every three weeks for almost 10 years. Calendars and brochures advertised the best viewing locations.
6/24/1957: One of the largest mushroom clouds, rising 40,000 ft above the Nevada Test site, 65 miles away, visible from the strip.
It resulted from an atomic bomb carried aloft by a helium balloon to a height of 700 ft.
Vegas advertised itself as "The Atomic City", and statistics would later show that residents of Utah and Nevada at the time would have significantly higher incidences of most cancers for decades afterward.