I want to tell you the story of Vivienne Malone-Mayes, Texas-born mathemetician and professor, but I don't think you can understand her journey without talking about the #AcademicRacism in which she existed.
Vivienne attended segregated schools in her home-town of Waco. She finished her BS in medicine at 19, a masters at 21, switched to mathematics after studying under Evelyn Boyd Granville (shown), who helped program the calculations for Mercury and later Apollo missions.
In 1962, she was refused admission to Baylor University (in Waco), which would be whites-only until '64. Instead, she enrolled at the University of Texas (in Austin) in a PhD program for mathematics. She was the only woman & the only Black person in her class.
She wasn't allowed to teach (faculty were white-only), couldn't attend off-campus meetings held at whites-only coffee shops & was blocked from taking Robert Lee Moore's graduate course.
Here's where I shift focus to Robert Lee Moore, a legend in math instruction & topology.
RL Moore's father was born in Connecticut, but fought for the Confederacy, moved to Dallas after the war. He named his son Robert Lee (pictured, as a young man) to honor his commander.
RL by the 1960's was in a semi-retirement as one of the foremost mathematicians in his field.
The 'Moore School' is experience-based form of advanced math instruction.
He had mentored top figures in American mathematics from the 40's-50's, producing 50 PhDs from his program.
He was an ardent & outspoken segregationist.
One Black student, Walker E Hunt, was told "you are welcome to take my course but you start with a C and can only go down from there."
He walked out of a talk given by one of his mentee's students, upon discovering she was Black.
So Vivienne was not only the only Black woman in her program in 1962, she couldn't freely associate with her academic community, faced hostile faculty, disrespect & disdain. But she persisted.
And graduated in 1966 with a PhD in Mathematics with a dissertation entitled "A structure problem in asymptotic analysis".
She became the first Black woman to join the faculty of Baylor (which had refused her admission just 5 years earlier).
She had a long and illustrious career, was active in charities & her community., was honored for her work in both primary scholarship and decades of teaching.
She retired in 1994 & passed away in 1995.
A life well lived.
Bonus, a story she told of a white professor at UT who commented to her:
"If all those out there were like you, hard-working and studious, we wouldn't have any problems."
She replied:
"If it hadn't been for those hell-raisers out there, you wouldn't even know me."
🫳🎤
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Famed population geneticist RA Fisher published this paper in 1936 taking Mendel to task for either concealing, cherry-picking, or omitting parts of his study of pea genetics.
1. The segregation ratios (as in 'Mendelian ratios') are too perfect. Actual observations are modified by noise and distortion, only land on the 3:1, 1:2:1 ratios in extremely large samples sizes of ideal, perfect genetic models.
I want to talk about the Map-Territory Relation in #science & why it matters to many topics in public perception of science.
It's what I think of when people insist that 'science says there are only two genders'.
Maybe you've seen this work by René Magritte, called "The Treachery of Images". The text translates: "this is not a pipe".
It's not. It's an IMAGE of a pipe. It only resembles an actual pipe in one very specific way, from a particular angle, in 2-D.
Like this PICTURE of a pipe, a scientific model or system of classification is by nature a SIMPLIFICATION.
British statistician George Box: "Essentially, all models are wrong, but some are useful. However, the approximate nature of the model must always be borne in mind."
But the most interesting story about Benjamin Franklin I've run across is the giant pit filled with human bones that was recently (1997) found in his basement.
Really.
A giant pit of human bones. The remains of at least 28 bodies. In his basement. Cut up with a saw.
Ben Franklin lived at 36 Craven Street in London (now the 'Benjamin Franklin House & Museum').
Workers doing renovations found the bones in a buried pit in the basement, remains including those of infants.
He had a special arrangement with a friend of a friend, William Hewson, now called the "Father of Hematology" for his discovery of blood composition and fibrin.
Hewson operated an "anatomy school" in Ben Franklin's garden (back yard) where students dissected cadavers.
He had an acknowledged illegitimate son, William, who was the last British governor of New Jersey & chief Loyalist, running pro-British military operations from his base in New York.
He died in exile. But HE had an illegitimate son...
William Temple Franklin was William's illegitimate son, born while William was in law school, London.
"Temple" accompanied his GRANDFATHER Benjamin & acted as his secretary, worked on Treaty of Paris where France recognized USA.
Brief return to US, then rest of life in France.
Temple had an illegitimate son, Théodore, but he died before the age of 5, and an illegitimate daughter, Ellen Franklin Hanbury, who was raised by HER grandfather William.
Ellen married but had no children, so this particular chain of Franklin Bastards reaches its end.
My hypothesis:
Humans invented hats because we were envious of the marvelous headgear in the animal world.
Let's talk about antlers, horns, ossicones & pronghorns.
#Antlers are shed & regrown every year, composed of bone that begins at a pedicle, base structure that remains after shedding. Antlers are extensions of the the skull.
Mechanism of growth similar to bone HEALING: cartilaginous tissue gives rise to bone coated in skin "velvet".
Antlers usually only form on males, with one exception: female reindeer grow shortened antlers, which may be functional for snow clearing, or challenge between females over scarce food resources.