We use historical lynchings because they capture not only racial animus, but also institutional features (law enforcement, political institutions) that can lead to racial disparities in police violence today (lynchings and police killings not prosecuted).
We use @drlisadcook’s tremendous (and comprehensive!) national lynching data, which covers all racial groups from the 17th century! We also use fatal encounters, mapping police violence, and Washington Post data. At baseline, more police killings where there were more Lynchings.
We see large spatial differences in the numbers of Black and White lynchings and where they occurred. (Same for other racial groups.) How are these patterns related to police killings today?
At both the extensive and intensive margins, more lynchings are related to more police killings today. Number of lynchings matters more for Whites. When we control for population, contemporary controls, etc. The results for Black lynchings and police killings is quite robust.
Mechanisms? We look at arrests, homicides, and criminal legal involvement among Black people and find that these are related to Black Lynching intensity. The system is different in places with more historical Black lynchings. This relationship does not hold with White lynchings.
We look at contemporary arrests, homicides, incarceration, segregation (Logan-@jmparman measure), and again the result is robust. We conjecture that historical Black lynchings are related to police contact, and this is established routinized practice related to lynching intensity
This has been a great project to work on and we appreciate the help of @VincentPancini as an RA on this project. Our results are still very preliminary and we continue to refine the project going forward. Excited to hear Sam Myers, Jr.’s discussion!
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During the family reunion, I walked through downtown Coffeeville, MS with my family, and the history of #segregation & Jim Crow was everywhere. First, a new mural depicts the segregated Hamblett Hotel in town, (long closed). It shows a Black butler attending to White guests 1/N
Walking with my uncles, they recall the simple things of childhood, like getting an ice cream cone when they came downtown on a weekend. But as Black children, they were served from the side of the creamery, because Black people were not served at the front door. 2/N
In those days, car dealers were downtown businesses, but they were not allowed to enter the showroom. They could look through the window and dream about driving, but that’s it. They couldn’t touch the new cars, lest their Black hands infect the shiny new automobiles. 3/N
My opinion: I think the decline in the humanities due to the exact opposite of “lack of exposure.” Students are actually saturated with the humanities. High school requirements are typically 4 years of English, several history courses, and years of foreign language. 1/N
Humanities courses are typically the most likely to be transferred in with AP and with dual enrollment (taking college courses in high school). For better or worse, we have designed secondary education in a way that selects the humanities first due to the existing exposure. 2/N
Where do we see humanities enrollment growth? In creative writing. In technical writing. In military history. In media and film. In gender and sexuality. All of these are largely unique to college-offered humanities courses. There isn’t a high school/AP substitute here. 3/N
Recall “the habitual be” and how Black people are mocked for a sophisticated linguistic structure that includes a conjugation of the verb “to be” that goes beyond the limits of English and has tangible, identifiable meaning. They use it instead to humiliate our children. 1/N
Evidence is clear that Black children understand the conjunction of “to be” at a point in time versus “to be” as a normal state. For someone to say “Trevon be on they necks” does not mean I’m doing so right now, but is something I do habitually. It’s sophisticated and nuanced 2/N
This is not grammatical standard English, but is part of the grammatical structure of AAVE. English doesn’t have a habitual conjunction of “to be,” but some other languages do. It’s not made up, strange, lazy, nor invalid. It’s language and is easily discerned by its users. 3/N
The bottom line: Elite private universities do NOT have a land grant mission. They were not created to be engines of social mobility, provide opportunity to disadvantaged students, or serve the broader public. They are exclusive finishing schools.
Stop asking dogs to fly. 1/N
Elite schools educate a very, very small number of college students, but have an outsized impact on perceptions of higher education. Most higher education in America is open admissions (or nearly so) and the best of these DO serve as economic mobility engines. 2/N
If we invested more strategically in universities that are serving a broader public, providing world class education, producing cutting edge research, and changing lives we’d all be better for it. I’d settle for better community college funding. 3/N
Watching Black conservatives confront the naked racism of their fellow travelers is fascinating. Murray is upset at teenagers because they’ve defied his belief that Black people are incapable of high cognition. Yet Black conservatives must give him the benefit of the doubt.
The level of naïveté required to believe that Murray is anything other than a racist who is so angered by any evidence of Black achievement that he argues it must be (1) not true and (2) a product of media manipulation is mind boggling. But here we are.
Murray now wants to attack the entire “Hidden Figures” movie as a false narrative that White NASA scientists could not correct because of wokeness. This ignores the source material from Margot Lee Shetterly’s book because facts do not matter here. Where is his evidence?
Recently, I've been working on gender and American enslavement. Inspired by @sejr_historian's brilliant work, I want to quantify the propensity of White women to be active as economic agents in the market for enslaved people. Preliminary results are in! Buckle up!! A 🧵 1/N
We know that enslavement was an area where White women overcame coverture. For example, Mississippi was the first state to allow married women property rights in their own name in 1839. Four of the 5 sections of the Act specifically referred to rights to own slaves. 2/N
Key curiosity: Mississippi partly passes the Act because of Fisher v. Allen, in which a Mississippi woman of bi-racial Chickasaw heritage claimed property rights as Chickasaw practices for property ownership were matrilineal. Mississippi needed to extend this to White women 3/N