The Ottoman empire did as the Romans do and debased it's currency as it ran into trouble.
The golden age was gone and due to rapid inflation so was the age of silver.
Similar patterns exists in many empires.
Roman debasement of its currency accelerated after the end of the "five good emperors" and the start of the thirty Merda emperors.
Byzantine debasement of it's currency when they faced the Arab conquests in the 7th century.
The financial position of the Byzantine empire was already not stellar in the early 7th century.
More Byzantine debasement to fight the Turks in the 11th century.
By 1250s Byzantine coins had a bad reputation
More.
By 1453 everything must go.
After a series of civil wars Ptolemy X left Egypt to Rome in his will in 88 BC and the kingdom was under threat of Roman annexation.
The financial state of the latter Ptolemaics
Parthian debasement during the empire, also noticeably in the middle of the first century BC when they tangled with Rome. This is part of the conflict in which Crassus squared off against the Parthians.
The Sasanian were more responsible, only seriously debasing the coinage early on during the wars against Rome. In 283 the Roman emperor Carus even sacked the capital of Ctesiphon yet his campaign ended after he was struck by lightning.
Also some debasement during Yazdegerd II war against both the Huns and Romans and toward the end of empire under Yazdegerd III.
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Germans accounted for 19% of the ministers in the Russian Empire, despite being around 1% of the empire's population.
Most of these Germans were 'Baltic Germans' incorporated into the empire during the conquests of the Great Northern War (1720). Only 80 years later, we already see that Germans have risen into positions of high prominence in the Committee of Ministers of Alexander I.
Detailed origin of ministers.
The other non-foreign non-Baltic German ministers are probably Volga Germans brought in by Catherine the Great.
"The six ministers of German descent were either two or three generations removed from their families' immigration to the Russian Empire."
"If Russian nationalists impugned the loyalty of the German bureaucrats, the tsars themselves never did so, always stressing the faithfulness of their high German servants. 'The Russian Nobles serve the State, the German ones serve us,' declared Nicholas I."
Linear B tablets mention Women taken as war captives from Anatolia, showing Mycenaean Greeks were raiding the region of Troy.
"These descriptions often use the word lawiaiai, ‘captives’, which is the same word used by Homer to describe women seized by Achilles."
Note that the Iliad begins with Achilles' rage about Agamemnon not handing him a captive woman (Briseis).
The Mycenaeans were very familiar with the coasts of West Asia, and many places there are referenced in Linear B tablets.
Greco-Roman writers were the first to use coordinates of latitude and longitude to map places, and the first to lay down geometrical treaties specifying how to project regions onto maps.
This transformed Geography from a mere itinerary, schematically displaying places, into a real science based on mathematical principles.
Ptolemy's Geography, written around 150 AD, gives the coordinates of 8,000 different places, on top of being a monumental achievement in pre-modern mapping, when these coordinates are compared to modern Greenwich coordinates, a tight correlation is seen (0.98) between the numbers, indicating a remarkable degree of accuracy.
This map displays the degree of deviation between Ptolemy's coordinates to the actual position of locations.
We can see that the furthest places from the centers of the Roman world are mapped less accurately.
Jokes from the "Philogelos", the oldest surviving joke book (dated 4th century AD).🧵
208. Someone asks a cowardly boxer, ‘Whom do you have a fight with today?’ With a polite gesture in the direction of his opponent, he answers, ‘With that dear sweet gentleman over there.’
203. A fellow approaches a stupid prophet and asks if his enemy will come to town. The prophet responds that he’s not coming. But when the fellow learns a few days later that his enemy is actually in town now, the prophet remarks, ‘Yeah, the guy’s outrageous, isn’t he?’
The share of rulers whose birth year is known can be used as a measure of the quality of recordkeeping in a given society at a particular time.
When the elite bureaucracy that produces and maintains historical records is poor, we get the names of rulers but not accurate numerical information, such as the year of their birth.
Statistical evidence for the previous statement can be seen in the fact that medieval European regions with a greater share of rulers with a known birth year have a higher per capita production of manuscripts and higher rates of numeracy among the elite( by looking at the degree of age heaping in their recorded ages).
Now, keeping all this in mind, let us look at the quality of recordkeeping since the start of the Roman Republic. 🧵
Rulers in the time of the Roman Republic were the consuls. Due to various historical reasons, we have data on all Roman consuls, 737 people, serving between 509 BC - 31 BC.
The % of whose birth year is known by century can be extracted from the digital prospography of Rome.
We can see that record-keeping before 300 BC in the Roman Republic was extremely poor. This is something that is often attributed to the Celtic siege of Rome, 380 BC, but probably has more to do with low rates of literacy in Italic languages at the time.