The Ottoman empire did as the Romans do and debased it's currency as it ran into trouble.
The golden age was gone and due to rapid inflation so was the age of silver.
Similar patterns exists in many empires.
Roman debasement of its currency accelerated after the end of the "five good emperors" and the start of the thirty Merda emperors.
Byzantine debasement of it's currency when they faced the Arab conquests in the 7th century.
The financial position of the Byzantine empire was already not stellar in the early 7th century.
More Byzantine debasement to fight the Turks in the 11th century.
By 1250s Byzantine coins had a bad reputation
More.
By 1453 everything must go.
After a series of civil wars Ptolemy X left Egypt to Rome in his will in 88 BC and the kingdom was under threat of Roman annexation.
The financial state of the latter Ptolemaics
Parthian debasement during the empire, also noticeably in the middle of the first century BC when they tangled with Rome. This is part of the conflict in which Crassus squared off against the Parthians.
The Sasanian were more responsible, only seriously debasing the coinage early on during the wars against Rome. In 283 the Roman emperor Carus even sacked the capital of Ctesiphon yet his campaign ended after he was struck by lightning.
Also some debasement during Yazdegerd II war against both the Huns and Romans and toward the end of empire under Yazdegerd III.
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"A single mass killing of more than 140 children and over 200 camelids directed by the Chimú state, c. AD 1450."
Cuts transecting the child's sternum and displaced ribs suggests that "the chest had been cut open, perhaps to extract the heart." For most skeletons "No other evidence of perimortem trauma was observed" indicating the extraction of the heart was done on live victims.
As Spanish chronicler Cristóbal de Molina described "children had their live hearts taken out, and so the priests offered the beating hearts to the huacas to which the sacrifice was made."
Children were brought from across the region to be sacrificed next to the Chimú capital.
"Variability in forms of cranial modification and stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen suggest that the children were a heterogeneous sample drawn from multiple regions and ethnic groups throughout the Chimú state."
The sacrifice coincided with a major weather event, heavy rains and flooding carried a layer of mud on top of the burials in their aftermate, "it is tempting to hypothesize that the two wventa are associated"
There is a notion that largely peaceful hunter-gatherers are pressed into violent conflict due to population pressure and resource scarcity, but if you check with HGs, 'why are they fighting?' They would often respond It's about Women and Vengeance.
In a sample of 111 conflicts between Australian aborigines whose proximate reason can be discerned, 58% were about Women, 28% were about revenge, and a minority were about territory or material plunder; "Territorial conflicts, if not totally absent, remain negligible: this motivation appears only in three occasions...The two main causes of conflicts are retaliation and, above all, rights over women."
When Napoleon Chagnon told the Yanomamo, a relatively war-like Amazon tribe, that American academics think that they fight over "game animals and meat," they laughed and responded: "We do like meat, we like women a whole lot more!"
"It is often believed that because they lacked wealth, economically egalitarian societies possessed none of the motivations which, for millennia, prompt human beings to kill each other, and therefore lethal collective confrontations were unknown in these societies."
Rates of physical aggression in children tracked since infancy are highest in the youngest ages and then decline over time.
As Saint Augustine would put it: "The feebleness of infant limbs is innocent, not the infant’s mind. I have personally watched and studied a jealous baby. He could not yet speak and, pale with jealousy and bitterness, glared at his brother sharing his mother’s milk. Who is unaware of this fact of experience?"
There are also significant sex differences in physical aggression between girls (pink) and boys (blue) that are present since age 2.
"ten cohorts totaling 10,658 children were drawn from a national Canadian sample and followed longitudinally over 6 years" journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/71…
Technological innovation has largely been driven by a small elite.
"drawing on patent records linked to census data. We document that the rise of innovation during Sweden’s industrialization can largely be attributed to a small industrial elite belonging to the upper-tail of the economic, educational, and social status distribution."
Half of all Swedish inventors came from a highly elite background, and another third from the upper middle class.
Interestingly, Britain, where the Industrial Revolution first occurred, had a relatively less efficient and more expensive patenting system compared to other Western countries.
2% of Hungarians have surnames ending in "y"; they were adopted in pre-modern times by elite families, signifying their origin. These "..y" surnames are still highly overrepresented among Hungarian elites.
"29% of all Hungarian prime ministers since 1848 came from a ...y named family", 43% of Austro-Hungarian PMs, and one French President whose father belonged to the lesser Hungarian nobility, Nicolas Sarkozy. Also, two of the ten Hungarian Nobel-laureates had a ..y surname.
This study tracking elite surnames among skilled professionals and academics in Hungary shows that "social mobility rates under communism were the same as in the subsequent capitalist regime."
"High-status names are much more over-represented in science than they are in politics, and this does not even change during the worst years of Stalinist dictatorship."
The abolition of slavery was advanced by Capitalists and industrialization.
British MPs who were industrialists or were sons of industrialists were the most supportive of anti-slavery bills. For other elites, there was "no correlation between attitudes towards abolition and being a merchant, a member of the landed elite or aristocracy, or having attended Oxford or Cambridge."
The most common occupation of the signers on the 1806 Manchester anti-slavery petition, one of our earliest surviving anti-slavery petitions, was related to manufacturing.
And signatures of industrialists were more likely to be at the forefront of the petition, on the first pages.