LiorLefineder Profile picture
Jan 6, 2023 13 tweets 4 min read Read on X
The Ottoman empire did as the Romans do and debased it's currency as it ran into trouble.
The golden age was gone and due to rapid inflation so was the age of silver.
Similar patterns exists in many empires. "Prices in the Ottoman Empire, 1469-1914" - Şevke
Roman debasement of its currency accelerated after the end of the "five good emperors" and the start of the thirty Merda emperors.
Byzantine debasement of it's currency when they faced the Arab conquests in the 7th century. "Byzantine gold coins and jewellery" - Susan La Ni
The financial position of the Byzantine empire was already not stellar in the early 7th century. "In God’s Path" - Robert hoyland
More Byzantine debasement to fight the Turks in the 11th century.
By 1250s Byzantine coins had a bad reputation "https://encyclopedia-of-money.blogspot.com/2010/01/byz
More. "Byzantine Money: Its Production and Circulation"
By 1453 everything must go.
After a series of civil wars Ptolemy X left Egypt to Rome in his will in 88 BC and the kingdom was under threat of Roman annexation.
The financial state of the latter Ptolemaics
Parthian debasement during the empire, also noticeably in the middle of the first century BC when they tangled with Rome. This is part of the conflict in which Crassus squared off against the Parthians. https://www.parthia.com/parthia_stats_gordus.htm
The Sasanian were more responsible, only seriously debasing the coinage early on during the wars against Rome. In 283 the Roman emperor Carus even sacked the capital of Ctesiphon yet his campaign ended after he was struck by lightning.
Also some debasement during Yazdegerd II war against both the Huns and Romans and toward the end of empire under Yazdegerd III.

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Jul 12
Ruina montium, "wrecking of mountains", A Roman mining technique in which pressurized water was used to crack mountain walls.
Pliny's description: "The third method will have outdone the achievements of the Giants. By means of galleries driven for long distances the mountains are mined by the light of lamps—the spells of work are also measured by lamps, and the miners do not see daylight for many months.

The name for this class of mines is arrugiae; also cracks give way suddenly and crush the men who have been at work, so that it actually seems less venturesome to try to get pearls and purple-fishes out of the depth of the sea: so much more dangerous have we made the earth!"Image
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Jul 3
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Jul 2
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"Yakutia_LNBA is associated with migrations of prehistoric Uralic speakers. We show that Yakutia_LNBA first dispersed westwards...into West Siberian communities associated with Seima-Turbino metallurgy....Seima-Turbino period individuals were diverse in their ancestry, also harbouring DNA from Indo-Iranian-associated pastoralists...Thus, both cultural transmission and migration were key to the Seima-Turbino phenomenon, which was involved in the initial spread of early Uralic-speaking communities."Image
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Jul 2
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A general increase can be seen over time, such that by the mid-2nd century BC, the average size of the cargo of 37 ships entering the port of Alexandria was 179 tons!

This general increase in the size of ships and the capacity of ports is largely due to the achievements of Hellenistic Greek engineers in shipbuilding and port construction, one example of which is the Mega-Ship of Ptolemy IV Philopator, which had an unprecedented 4000 rowers and required the construction of a dry dock for its launch (c. 200 BC) which could be flooded by opening it to the sea and drained by "means of engines (organois)" after the ship returned to it.Image
Plutarch's description of the 'Tessarakonteres', the 4000 rowers. Image
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Jun 6
Historic European marriage and household types from data on 11 million individuals in 256 regions from 1700 to 1927.
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"Marriage-Headship difference" - is the avg number of years since marriage to becoming head of a household.
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Date can be represented as two clusters, an Eastern and Western pattern of Marriage Image
In the West, Women marry late, and they go into the labor force beforehand. Married people form a new household headed by the Groom.
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May 27
Religious Affiliations of American elites in subsequent editions of "Who's Who in America", a biographical dictionary of notable Americans. Image
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From this study:
"The Religious Affiliations of American Elites, 1930S to 1990S: A Note on the Pace of Disestablishment"
tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.108…
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