Shielding transactions with Mantapay requires a #zkaddress. This should not be confused with the Manta Network address. What are the differences?
Substrate addresses store and manage assets on the @Polkadot and @kusamanetwork ecosystems. Transactions are recorded on a public ledger.
Manta Network is a project built on Substrate; once @MantaNetwork launches its parachain, you can generate and manage your Manta Network address on Substrate.
ZkAddresses, on the other hand, are used for all private transactions in the @MantaNetwork ecosystem. To use a #zkAddress, you must transfer your assets from Substrate.
To onboard your assets to MantaPay, you will need both a #zkAddress (private transactions) and a Manta Network address (to pay gas fees for a transaction).
If you transact assets on the Manta Network address, your transactions are public. But once you move your assets to your #zkAddress, those transactions through your zkAddress will be private.
When assets are transferred back from a #zkAddress to a Manta Network address, future transactions on the Manta Network address will be recorded on the public ledger but all previous transactions made on the #zkAddress will remain private.
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Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is the environment in which Ethereum accounts and smart contracts operate. It is the rule for calculating new, valid states from one block to another in Ethereum.
“State” is an important concept in Ethereum. State is the current Merkle Patricia Tree (MPT) data structure in Ethereum that allows us to trace transaction information from the current block back to the Genesis block.
There’re two participants in #zkps: provers and verifiers. Provers provide ‘proofs’ of a statement, and verifiers verify it without giving additional information.
#ZKP is encryption on computation. After the encryption, a cryptography proof of the correctness or validity of the computation will be generated. It is this cryptography proof that allows a border Zero-knowledge application.
Let’s continue our #WhyZK series:
In our last thread, we used a Sudoku game to explain some terms and the properties of ZK. In this thread, we’ll keep using Sudoku to explain the concept of Interactive Proof and Non-Interactive Proof.
Dr. Strange proved that he could solve a Sudoku puzzle without telling Hulk how he solved it. The next day, Hulk said, 'Why don't we live stream the game online?' Dr. Strange thought it was a great idea, so they started a Youtube channel and asked Iron Man to join as ops manager.
Their channel soon drew many followers. One day, Dr. Strange forgot the solution to the puzzle right before live streaming. He had nothing to do but tell Hulk to fake the verification process with him. Iron Man, after witnessing this, was disappointed at this behavior.
#WhyZK continued:
This thread is the first part of the “Simple explanation of Zero-Knowledge Proof” series. In this series, we’ll try our best to explain concepts and terms related to zero-knowledge proof in a Sudoku example that’s easy to understand.
In classic Sudoku, we play it on a grid of 9x9 space. There will be nine boxes made up of 3x3 spaces. Each box, each column, and each row should be filled out with numbers from 1 to 9 exactly once each.
Both Doctor Strange and Hulk love playing the Sudoku game.
Dr. Strange challenges Hulk with a hard Sudoku puzzle. ‘This is so hard. Does it have a solution?’ Hulk asks. ‘Yes, I already figured it out.’ Dr. Strange wants to prove that he knows how to solve the puzzle w/o letting Hulk see the answer. This is the ‘zero-knowledge’ proof.
During the @VitalikButerin's ZK talk on day 1 of Devcon, @VitalikButerin emphasized that ZK is the preferred scaling method for blockchain. The censorship-resistant feature that blockchain provides sacrificed ‘scalability’ and ‘privacy:’ this is where ZK-SNARKs fit in.
#ZKP is getting lots of traction from VCs. VCs are paying more attention to ZKP projects, making large investments in ZKP technology with high expectations of its future. A ZKP project can raise $10m, and many of the ZKP projects have a valuation of more than $100m.
The Unspent Transaction Output (UTXO) Model is a fundamental element of Bitcoin that stops double-spending. It defines where a blockchain transaction starts and finishes. We don’t actually own “tokens:” each of our wallets is made of a collection of UTXOs.
For example, Bob has 0.4 BTC in his wallet. We see this as a fraction of a coin, but actually what Bob may own is 2 UTXOs worth .25 and .15 BTC. If Bob wants to send .2 BTC to Alice, he will need to send his UTXO unit of .25, which then will break up into .2 and .05.
The newly formed .2 UTXO goes to Alice and the .05 UTXO goes back to Bob. The original UTXO of .25 gets burned since there are now two new UTXOs totaling .25 (removing double spending).