Alex Xu Profile picture
Jan 23, 2023 9 tweets 3 min read Read on X
/1 8 Data Structures That Power Your Databases. Which one should we pick?
/2 The answer will vary depending on your use case. Data can be indexed in memory or on disk. Similarly, data formats vary, such as numbers, strings, geographic coordinates, etc. The system might be write-heavy or read-heavy.
/3 All of these factors affect your choice of database index format.

The following are some of the most popular data structures used for indexing data:

🔹Skiplist: a common in-memory index type. Used in Redis
/4 🔹Hash index: a very common implementation of the “Map” data structure (or “Collection”)
🔹SSTable: immutable on-disk “Map” implementation
🔹LSM tree: Skiplist + SSTable. High write throughput
🔹B-tree: disk-based solution. Consistent read/write performance
/5 🔹Inverted index: used for document indexing. Used in Lucene
🔹Suffix tree: for string pattern search
🔹R-tree: multi-dimension search, such as finding the nearest neighbor
/6 This is not an exhaustive list of all database index types. Over to you:

1). Which one have you used and for what purpose?
2). There is another one called “reverse index”. Do you know the difference between “reverse index” and “inverted index”?
/7 I will provide a more in-depth analysis of this topic. Subscribe to our newsletter to get the latest update: bit.ly/3whEH2D
/8 I hope you've found this thread helpful.

Follow me @alexxubyte for more.

Like/Retweet the first tweet below if you can:
Also posted the thread on hackernews. Upvote would be appreciated: news.ycombinator.com/item?id=344916…

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More from @alexxubyte

Mar 10
What is MCP?

Why is everyone talking about it?

Let’s take a closer look.

Model Context Protocol (MCP) is a new system introduced by Anthropic to make AI models more powerful. Image
It is an open standard (also being run as an open-source project) that allows AI models (like Claude) to connect to databases, APIs, file systems, and other tools without needing custom code for each new integration.

MCP follows a client-server model with 3 key components:
1 - Host: AI applications like Claude that provide the environment for AI interactions so that different tools and data sources can be accessed. The host runs the MCP Client.
Read 7 tweets
Jun 10, 2024
11 steps to go from Junior to Senior Developer Image
1 - Collaboration Tools
Software development is a social activity. Learn to use collaboration tools like Jira, Confluence, Slack, MS Teams, Zoom, etc.

2 - Programming Languages
Pick and master one or two programming languages. Choose from options like Java, Python, JavaScript, C#, Go, etc.

3 - API Development
Learn the ins and outs of API Development approaches such as REST, GraphQL, and gRPC.
4 - Web Servers and Hosting
Know about web servers as well as cloud platforms like AWS, Azure, GCP, and Kubernetes

5 - Authentication and Testing
Learn how to secure your applications with authentication techniques such as JWTs, OAuth2, etc. Also, master testing techniques like TDD, E2E Testing, and Performance Testing

6 - Databases
Learn to work with relational (Postgres, MySQL, and SQLite) and non-relational databases (MongoDB, Cassandra, and Redis).
Read 6 tweets
Jul 1, 2023
Twitter has enforced very strict rate limiting. Some people cannot even see their own tweets.

Rate limiting is a very important yet often overlooked topic. Let's use this opportunity to take a look at what it is and the most popular algorithms.

A thread.

#RateLimitExceeded
What is rate limiting? Rate limiting controls the rate at which users or services can access a resource. Here are some examples:

- A user can send a message no more than 2 per second
- One can create a maximum of 10 accounts per day from the same IP address
Fixed Window Counter

The algorithm divides the timeline into fixed-size time windows and assigns a counter for each window. Each request increments the counter by some value. Once the counter reaches the threshold, subsequent requests are blocked until the new time window begins
Read 9 tweets
May 29, 2023
/1 Our system design newsletter just reached a new milestone: 400,000 subscribers. Here are the most popular ones: 👇

Subscribe here: blog.bytebytego.com Image
/2 Understanding Database Types: blog.bytebytego.com/p/understandin… Image
/3 Password, Session, Cookie, Token, JWT, SSO, OAuth - Authentication Explained: blog.bytebytego.com/p/password-ses… Image
Read 7 tweets
May 19, 2023
/1 Free Algorithm, Git, Python, SQL, Java Books (And Many More)

These books were compiled from Stack Overflow Documentation and can be helpful for quick reference. Image
/2 The link to the books: books.goalkicker.com
/3 Subscribe to our weekly newsletter to get a Free System Design PDF (158 pages): bit.ly/42Ex9oZ Image
Read 4 tweets
May 18, 2023
/1 What is the difference between “pull” and “push” payments?

The diagram below shows how the pull and push payments work. Image
/2 🔹 When we swipe a credit/debit card at a merchant, it is a pull payment, where the money is sent from the cardholder to the merchant. The merchant pulls money from the cardholder’s account, and the cardholder approves the transaction.
/3 🔹 With Visa Direct or Mastercard Send, the push payments enable merchant, corporate, and government disbursements.

Step 1: The merchant initiates the push payment through a digital channel. It can be a mobile phone or a bank branch etc. Image
Read 9 tweets

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