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Gargi #Decolonization 🇮🇳 Profile picture
@JoshiGargiGoyal
Jan 30, 2023 • 7 tweets • 3 min read • Read on X
Nathuram Godse's statement that, "...the 7 conditions that Gandhi had set for breaking the fast started in January 1948 were all anti-Hindu..." We were never told exactly what these terms were when we were taught history in school.
In January 1948 Image
Gandhi was trying for Hindu-Muslim unity through fasting etc. there are superficial references everywhere. So why should Godse say in his speech that all those terms were anti-Hindu?
January 19, 1948 issue of 'The Yorkshire Post' mentions
these 7 conditions. What were the conditions?

Condition 1 - Muslims should be allowed to celebrate their Urus at Mehrauli near Delhi. (There was a mosque of Khwaja Qutbuddin in Mehrauli. It was destroyed in the riots. The Hindus and Sikhs drove out
the Muslims around it. This Khwaja Qutbuddin was supposed to take place on January 26, 1948. But there was a possibility of obstacles in doing so. Gandhi did not want this.)

Condition 2 - Muslims who fled from Delhi should be allowed to return safely.
Condition 3 - Those 118 mosques in Delhi which have been converted into temples should be given back to the Muslims.

Condition 4 - Entire Delhi should be made safe for Muslims.

Condition 5 - Safety of Muslims traveling by rail should be guaranteed.
Condition 6 - Financial boycott imposed by Hindus and Sikhs on Muslims should be withdrawn.

Condition 7 - The remaining parts of Muslim settlements in Delhi should not be used by Hindu or Sikh refugees from Pakistan.

#Godse #gandhipunyatithi #GandhiGodse #GandhiGodseEkYudh
My first thought was, why is protecting Muslims, anti-Hindu?

But then in 1948, why not the same thing for Hindus?Moplah Riots,Direct Action Day,Noakhali etc. saw Hindu Genocide.Violence was happening on both sides.
Didn’t the other sides have the right to protect itself?

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More from @JoshiGargiGoyal

Gargi #Decolonization 🇮🇳 Profile picture
Mar 8
How has @narendramodi @PMOIndia empowered Nari Shakti and how has it impacted Bharat's overall well-being?

The Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Rural Livelihood Mission (DAY-NRLM) touches the lives of over 90 million women organized into 8 million women’s Self-Help Groups (SHGs). A large number of these women have credit linkage and together they have leveraged Rs. 6.50 lakh crore loans from banks during the period from 2014 to 2022. In spite of a nearly 30% growth year-on-year, DAY-NRLM SHGs managed to bring down Non-Performing Assets (NPA) from over 7% in 2012–2013 to a little under 2%.

At a time when the corporate borrower tales of woes and deception hit the headlines often, these poor women have not only borrowed but used it effectively to improve their lives and livelihoods and return it as well.
A diverse range of economic activities, from setting up 10,471 custom hiring centers, and 760 public transport systems in remote regions, to retail shops, restaurants, nano production units of farm and non-farm products, are all being undertaken by women’s collectives. What explains this transformation of lives and livelihoods on an unprecedented scale through the DAY-NRLM since 2011, and more so since 2014-15? How has the movement from social capital to economic activity happened?

Lets see-
First, the intensive processes of developing social capital under DAY-NRLM have stood the test of time. They have emerged as vibrant community institutions of the poor. They have expanded their mandate from following only the Panchasutra of good savings and borrowing to Dasasutra that encompasses access to public services, education, health and well-being of poor households. The Rani Mistris of Simdega in Jharkhand reflect the confidence in these women’s collectives to break new ground in economic activity and skills. Vibrant community institutions of the poor are ideal economic activity opportunities as well, if pursued through relentless capacity building and hand-holding.
Second, the biggest resource in this movement have been the Community Resource Persons (CRPs). These are women who were poor and have won the battle against poverty through hard work and toil. Over 3.5 lakh such women CRPs go round the country setting up women’s collectives and making them vibrant. These foot soldiers of the livelihood movement are the best examples of national integration. Women from Kerala, AP and Bihar have spent months with women in remote corners of the north-eastern States and in Jammu and Kashmir.
Read 10 tweets
Gargi #Decolonization 🇮🇳 Profile picture
Feb 26
Veer Savarkar was a Visionary

Have you read Veer Savarkar's "Indian War of Independence 1857" ? It should be added to our History Syllabus!
In all the English and Indian literature of those days, the battle of 1857 was called the 'Unsuccessful Mutiny of the Indian Soldiers'. The partner of a revolutionary associated with 'India House' in London was English. As his assistant, Savarkar entered the library of the 'British Museum'. In the next one year, he read more than 1.5K books available on the war of 1857 and the truth was clear to him – 1857 It was not a mutiny! It was a well-planned freedom struggle. He wrote a book based on all these historical facts – 'Freedom Summer of 1857'. The book was in Marathi. One of his revolutionary associates, Iyer, who also knew Marathi well, translated it into English. And then the process of printing the book began. As the British came to know about this book,…
[9:14 am, 26/02/2024] Gargi Joshi Goyal: In all the English and Indian literature of those days, the battle of 1857 was called the 'Unsuccessful Mutiny of the Indian Soldiers'. The partner of a revolutionary associated with 'India House' in London was English. As his assistant, Savarkar entered the library of the 'British Museum'. In the next one year, he read more than 1.5K books available on the war of 1857 and the truth was clear to him – 1857 It was not a mutiny! It was a well-planned freedom struggle. He wrote a book based on all these historical facts – 'Freedom Summer of 1857'. The book was in Marathi. One of his revolutionary associates, Iyer, who also knew Marathi well, translated it into English. And then the process of printing the book began. As the British came to know about this book, they immediately banned it. This is the first book of the world facing this ban before it was even published..!

Finally this book was printed in Holland. It was distributed secretly and soon, it became the 'Gita' of revolutionaries. Its second edition, was printed by Lala Hardyal, the founder of the 'Gadar' Party. In both these editions, 'Nationalist' was written in place of the author. But when Sardar Bhagat Singh printed the third edition of this book secretly in India in 1929, despite the ban, he added V. D. Savarkar. Bhagat Singh also translated it into Punjabi. Fourth edition of this book, printed by Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose.

Savarkar was a visionary. In 1911, when he reached the Andamans as a prisoner by ship, he saw the island and said, “What an important place it is. By making independent India a naval base, it will secure the entire eastern direction.”

This is exactly what is happening today.

Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose understood the meaning of Savarkar’s call to militarize. On June 25, 1944, in a speech on Azad Hind Radio, Subhash Babu gratefully mentioned Veer Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and said that Azad Hind Sena was getting soldiers due to Savarkar's inspiration.

George Ohsawa (1893-1966) became a great Japanese writer. He has written a book: 'The Two Great Indians in Japan – Sri Rash Behari Bose and Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose. In this book published in the year 1954, he mentioned Savarkar in great honor.

Veer Savarkar's dream of making the Indian army powerful was understood by very few people. The hero of the 1971 Indo-Pak war, General Sam Manekshaw, was one of them. ()

During the Second World War, Savarkar had realized that in the next two to four years, the British would have to leave India. Then what should be the language of independent India? What should be the script? He started language purification movement. Even then he was ridiculed a lot. But Pandit Ravi Shankar Shukla, the first Chief Minister of 'CP and Berar' province of independent India, a committee was formed under the chairmanship of Raghuveer to make 'Rajya Vivaya Kosh'. This committee accepted the maxims suggested by Veer Savarkar.

Savarkar used to think ten to twenty years ahead. From 1958 to 1960, Savarkar constantly warned the Nehru government about Tibet. He used to say, Tibet is India's security guarantee. Therefore, the Chinese conspiracy to seize Tibet should be foiled. But, then we were talking about Panchsheel...!

What did such a great patriot get in return! Immediately after India's independence, in 1948, the Nehru government imprisoned him for 14 months in a prison built in the Red Fort of Delhi on false charges of assassinating Mahatma Gandhi. A few months later, in 1950, he was imprisoned in Belgaum on some false charge.

In the last fifty to sixty years in this country, Savarkar has been largely ignored. But not anymore. Now the acceptance of Savarkar’s ideas is increasing. The young generation has a lot of fascination about Veer Savarkar. Sales of Savarkar literature are at an all-time high. @vikramsampath books are a must read and should also be included as a part of history syllabus. Looking forward to @RandeepHooda 's movie Savarakar which will be releasing on March 22nd.

Bharat is now trying to rectify its mistake!
Source: @prashantpolenewstracklive.com/news/field-mar…Image
Here are some extracts from Veer Savarkar's book. If you find these interesting, I urge you to buy the book and read it!
Read 7 tweets
Gargi #Decolonization 🇮🇳 Profile picture
Sep 15, 2023
Today on #EngineerDay , let’s look at the Engineering Marvel that was our Ships mentioned in our literature!

RK Mookerji writes about one Sanskrit work, which is something like a treatise on the art of shipbuilding in ancient India, setting forth many interesting details about the various sizes and kinds of ships, the materials out of which they were built, and the like; and it sums up in a condensed form all the available information and knowledge about that truly ancient industry of India.
The ancient shipbuilders had a good knowledge of the materials as well as the varieties and properties of
Image
wood which went to the making of ships. According to the Vriksh-Ayurveda, or the Science of Plant Life (Botany), four different kinds of wood are to be distinguished: the first or the Brahmana class comprises wood that is light and soft and can be easily joined to any other kind of wood; the second or the Kshatriya class of wood is light and hard but cannot be joined on to other classes; the wood that is soft and heavy belongs to the third or Vaisya class; while the fourth or the Südra class of wood is characterized by both hardness and heaviness.
There may also be distinguished wood of the mixed (Dvijäti) class, in which are blended properties of two separate classes.
Image
According to Bhoja, an earlier authority on shipbuilding, a ship built of the Kshatriya class of wood brings wealth and happiness. It is these ships that are to be used as means of communication where the communication is difficult owing to vast water. Ships, on the other hand, which are made of timbers of different classes possessing contrary properties are of no good and not at all comfortable.
They do not last for a long time,
they soon rot in water, and they are liable to split at the slightest shock and to sink down.
Besides pointing out the class of wood which is best for ships, Bhoja also lays down a very important direction for shipbuilders in the nature of a warning which is worth carefully noting.
He says that care should be taken that no iron is used in holding or joining together the planks of bottoms intended to be sea-going vessels, for the iron will inevitably expose them to the influence of magnetic rocks in the sea, or bring them within a magnetic field and so lead them to risks. Hence the planks of bottoms are to be fitted together or mortised, by means of suhstances other than iron. This rather quaint direction was perhaps necessary in an age when Indian ships plied in deep waters on the main.
Image
Read 11 tweets
Gargi #Decolonization 🇮🇳 Profile picture
Sep 5, 2023
Udayanidhi, let’s understand the glory Sanatan Dharma which you want to destroy!

1. Architecture:

Why would you want to destroy who lead to creation of such architectural marvels Image
2. Sringeri's VidyaShankara temple has 12 pillars inside with 12 solar month symbols on them.

Each morning, When Sun Rays enter, they hit one specific pillar indicating which month of the
calendar it is.

Why would you want to destroy this? Image
3. Musical Pillars- Nellaiappar Temple, TamilNadu.
Each Pillar made out of a single rock.When Tapped, the Pillars produce sounds of 7 Classical Musical notes.

Why do you want to destroy this? Image
Read 24 tweets
Gargi #Decolonization 🇮🇳 Profile picture
Aug 3, 2023
Part 3:

First piece: East Pakistan (Part 2)

Jinnah's speech was the spark that engulfed East Pakistan in flames. The entire East Bengal stood up against this imposition of Urdu by West Pakistan. In East Bengal, there were very few people who knew Urdu. All the people spoke Bengali. Used to write in Bengali. Used to study in Bengali. Many Bengali writers were from East Bengal. Poet and playwright Michael Madhusudan Dutt, who wrote 'Meghnadvadh'; prominent Bengali poet Kamini Roy; Jeevanand Das, who has a strong position in the field of novels, stories and poetry; poet, lyricist, musician Mukund Das; Famous Bengali writer and story writer Buddhadev Guha.. All of them were from East Bengal only. Apart from Bangla, some Hindi was also spoken in some big cities of East Bengal. But there was no trace of Urdu anywhere.

Jinnah died about six months after Dhaka's 'Urdu imposing' speech. But after that the then Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan started implementing the policy of 'Urdu official language' with full force.

A movement started against this imposition of Urdu. Prominently, Dhaka University became its center. On February 21, 1952, near Dhaka Medical College and Raman Park, Pakistani police opened fire on students protesting for equal rights for Bangla language.

This struggle between East and West Pakistan intensified when elections were held in 1954 for the East Bengal Legislative Assembly. This election was historic. In this election, a coalition was formed by the name of 'United Front', which prominently included 'Awami League' and 'Krishak Shramik Party'. In this election held on 8 and 12 March 1954, the United Front alliance got a tremendous victory. Out of the total 309 seats, candidates of the alliance got elected in 223 places. Awami League won 143 seats.

The funny thing about this election is that the people of East Bengal uprooted the same Muslim League, because of which Pakistan was formed and the Muslim League which was established in Bengal, in just seven years. In this house of 309 members, only 9 MLAs of Muslim League got elected. Until this election, Nurul Amin of the Muslim League, who was the Chief Minister of East Bengal, had to face defeat in his own constituency. All the ministers of the Muslim League were defeated.

After the elections, A.K. Of. Fazlul Haq became the Chief Minister. As soon as the alliance came to power, he declared full autonomy to East Bengal and made Bangla the official language of the state. It was natural for the leaders of West Pakistan to be annoyed by this. He dismissed this elected, majority government in just two months and put Chief Minister Fazlul Haq under house arrest.

There was a strong reaction to this. There was a flurry of agitations in East Bengal. People's sentiments intensified against the leaders of West Pakistan sitting in Karachi.

It was necessary to do something to overcome this situation. There was tremendous imbalance in Pakistan at this time. A total of five provinces were in Pakistan – Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, North West Frontier Province (NWFP) and East Bengal. In Eastern Bengal, it was the largest province geographically, and in population was almost equal to the remaining four provinces. But in spite of all this, whatever little development was happening in Pakistan, it was limited to the places of West Pakistan like Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, Rawalpindi etc.Despite being almost half of Pakistan, East Bengal was facing the brunt of this neglect..!

To overcome this, the leaders sitting in Karachi took some big decisions in 1955, which are known as 'One Unit Policy'. Incidentally, while taking this decision, the Prime Minister of Pakistan was Muhammad Ali Bogra, who was originally from East Bengal. This 'One Unit Policy' was originally created to remove the regional imbalance created in the two parts of Pakistan. Under this, the name of East Bengal was changed to
'East Pakistan'.By dismissing all the provinces, princely states and tribes of West Pakistan, a single unit was formed by the name of 'West Pakistan'. That is, after the formation of this policy, only two units remained in Pakistan –
1. West Pakistan
2. East Pakistan
For the people of East Pakistan, in that unit, Bangla was given the status of official language.

Due to this system, the people of East Pakistan were not happy because they did not get full autonomy. He felt that he would have to follow the instructions of Karachi. So on the other hand, due to the dissolution of the assemblies of all the states under the 'One Unit Policy', tremendous resentment emerged in West Pakistan as well, which started turning into dissatisfaction.

This sequence of discontent and movements continued till 1958. Finally, on October 7, 1958, the Pakistani army took a banging entry in this whole episode. Martial law was implemented in the country. The entire administration of the country came under the hands of Army General Ayub Khan. Later, 20 years after the formation of Pakistan and defeat in the war with India, the country's capital was also shifted from Karachi to Army Headquarters, near Rawalpindi, in Islamabad.

Pakistan has been in a period of instability since its inception. Now after the rule of martial law and since the army has come, democracy has completely gone. Many leaders were put in jail.

Till now, due to this unstable situation, Pakistan could not frame its own constitution. It was running according to the 1935 law of the British. But after the army came under rule in 1958, the work on the constitution started. In 1962, the Constitution of Pakistan came into force. On the other hand, the Awami League of East Pakistan started a big movement in 1966 regarding its six-point demands.

The reason for Pakistan's discontent was clear. The largest province of the country was East Pakistan (ie East Bengal). Politically, this state stood firmly behind the Awami League. But it was not the same in West Pakistan. There the tribal area of ​​Punjab – Sindh – Baluchistan – North West Frontier Province, had different languages, different food habits, different costumes, different culture. Due to all these, no collective identity and strength of West Pakistan was formed. And unfortunately for Pakistan, the leaders of West Pakistan wanted to rule East Pakistanis. Wanted to impose their language on them. Wanted to impose Urdu script on them. West Pakistan always wanted to keep East Pakistan under its control. In such a situation, the breakup of Pakistan was inevitable...!

Source: @prashantpole
Part 2:
Read 6 tweets
Gargi #Decolonization 🇮🇳 Profile picture
Aug 2, 2023
Part 2:

Idea of Pakistan.
First piece: East Pakistan

After the formation of Pakistan on 14 August 1947, the largest and most densely populated region of Pakistan was East Bengal. Radcliffe had given the eastern part of Bengal to Pakistan's account, while India got West Bengal.

Look at the funny thing – the reason for Pakistan’s birth, the Muslim League was established in Bengal. On 30 December 1906, when the Bang-Bhang movement was at its peak, Salimullah Khan, the Nawab of Dhaka, founded the Muslim League. Its formation included Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Aga Khan (III), Khwaja Salimullah and Hakim Ajmal Khan.

In the process of formation of Pakistan, the biggest role was played by the 'Direct Action Day' of Bengal. The Muslim League government of Bengal announced Direct Action Day on 16 August 1946 to press for the creation of a separate Pakistan. The Muslim League Chief Minister of Bengal was Shaheed Suhrawardy. They shed rivers of blood by killing 10,000 Hindus in Calcutta on a single day. Simply, this was the turning point, due to which the Congress bowed down. The Congress, which used to talk of a united India earlier, was horrified and scared of the massacre of this 'Direct Action Day'.And then on June 3, 1947, when Mountbatten proposed independence with partition, the Congress immediately called a meeting of its executive committee in Delhi. This Congress Working Committee, held on 14 and 15 June 1947, accepted the proposal for the partition of India and the way for the formation of Pakistan was cleared. That is, Bengal had a huge contribution in the creation of Pakistan.

But the person who first conceived the idea of Pakistan, the person who first suggested the name 'Pakistan', in the imagination of Rahmat Ali, Bengal was nowhere in the formation of Pakistan. Means after the formation of Pakistan, there was no mention of its biggest state 'East Bengal' in the name of 'Pakistan'...!

But the share of Bengal was big in the creation of Pakistan and in the creation of new Pakistan. For the formation of Pakistan, the first meeting of the Pakistani Constituent Assembly was held on 11 August 1947, which was presided over by Jogendra Nath Mandal. He was from Bengal. He grew up in Barisal village situated on the banks of Kirtankhola river in East Bengal.

The first cabinet of the Government of Pakistan was formed, in which Hamidul Haq Chaudhary, who was the chief minister, was also from East Pakistan, who later became the foreign minister. Sir Khwaja Nazimuddin from Bengal was a minister in the first cabinet of Pakistan, who later became the second Prime Minister of Pakistan for one and a half years in 1951. Pakistan's third Prime Minister Mohammad Ali Bogra was also from East Bengal.

The fifth Prime Minister of Pakistan was also from Bengal, Shaheed Suhrawardy. Famous because of Direct Action Day. At that time he was the Chief Minister of undivided Bengal.

The last Prime Minister to represent Bengal in Pakistan was Nurul Amin. The record of being the Prime Minister for the shortest time in the history of Pakistan is in his name. He became Prime Minister for 13 days when the guerilla war against Pakistan was going on by 'Mukti-Bahini' in East Bengal, and war broke out between Pakistan and India. But Nurul Amin was not from the Awami League, which ran the movement for Bangladesh. He was a member of the Pakistan Muslim League fuel the Awami League movement and its leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Amin Sahab was made the Prime Minister, who had also lost the assembly elections a few years earlier.

That is, after the creation of Pakistan on 14 August 1947 and East Bengal becoming Pakistan's largest state, until about 1971 (that is, until East Bengal emerged as 'Bangla Desh'), the system of governance in Pakistan East Bengal got representation. But due to Pakistan's capital being
first Karachi and later Rawalpindi, control always remained in the hands of West Pakistan.

Although the role of Bengal was very important in the formation of Pakistan, there was a world of difference between the Bengali culture and the Sindhi-Punjabi culture of West Pakistan. The language was different, the dress was different, the food habits were different, the customs were also different. That's why West Pakistanis never got along with the Bengali community of East Pakistan even after having the same religion.

After the creation of Pakistan, Quaid-e-Azam Jinnahvisited East Pakistan (i.e. East Bengal) in March 1948. On 19th March he came to Dhaka and on 24th March he addressed the students at Curzon Hall of Dhaka University. All the students were Bengali speaking. He could not even speak Urdu properly. That's why he gave a speech in English.

The essence of the speech was, 'Only Urdu will work in Pakistan. Urdu will connect the whole of Pakistan with this one language.” Not only the university, Jinnah also said the same thing at the reception organized on March 21 at Dhaka's Race Course ground (presently – Suharawardi Garden). The words of his English speech were –Let me make it very clear to you that the state language of Pakistan is going to be Urdu and no other language. Anyone, who tries to mislead you, is really the enemy of Pakistan. Without one state language, no nation can remain tied up solidly together and function. Look at the history of other countries. Therefore, so far as the state language is concerned, Pakistan’s shall be Urdu.’

Even on his way back to Karachi, on 28 March, he reiterated this policy of 'only Urdu' on the Dhaka radio station.

To be contd…

Source: @prashantpole
Excellent information Sir! 🙏🏼
Part 1:
Read 6 tweets

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