Behind the bond market's disconnect from the Fed on the interest-rate outlook:
The Fed thinks inflation won't come down as quickly as do investors, who are factoring in a greater probability of a sharp downturn that brings inflation down
The Fed “can learn from what the market is thinking and saying,” said William English, who was once the top adviser on monetary policy at the central bank.
“That’s information for policy makers. It isn’t something to be particularly feared.”
Markets will try to get ahead of a data-dependent central bank, even if that means pricing for perfection.
“For market participants, the risk is that you’re missing out on a market rebound," said Daleep Singh, a former senior New York Fed executive.
The Fed would rather err on the side of tightening too much rather than too little.
From the perspective of a central banker such as Jay Powell, “the greatest danger is to allow inflation to spiral upwards," said Singh.
Powell, who spent a career in finance, echoed this point:
“It’s our job to restore price stability and achieve 2% inflation. Market participants have a very different job... It’s a great job. In fact, I did that job for years, in one form or another. But we have to deliver.”
When a central bank says what it thinks the nominal long-run equilibrium rate is, once the central bank takes rates above the level and then stops hiking, the market will price in some greater likelihood that the next move is *down* to the neutral rate. This is not unusual.
Where the Fed could get into trouble is if the market doesn't believe or properly understand how it would react to incoming data (its "reaction function"), and this eases financial conditions (which would be unwarranted).
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Fed deliberations over how much more to raise rates will hinge on how much they expect the economy to slow.
I.E. how long are the policy lags?
“We're in a different world... The last several cycles haven’t had pandemics and land wars in Europe in them.” wsj.com/articles/how-q…
There's broad agreement the Fed's willingness to tell markets what they're doing or planning to do has shortened the transmission of policy. They influence financial conditions much faster.
But there's disagreement over how long it takes for that to influence the real economy.
Some argue the pandemic created distortions that may have increased the time it takes for rate rises to slow the economy.
Consider construction.
Permits have fallen, but lots of units are still being built due to supply chain-delays and because there's more apartment building
Fed governor Chris Waller throws his support behind a 25 basis point rate rise next month, further cementing expectations for the February FOMC meeting
“The FOMC’s goal in raising interest rates is to dampen demand and economic activity to support further reductions in inflation. And there is ample evidence that this is exactly what is going on in the business sector.” wsj.com/articles/fed-o…
Waller is asked by @steveliesman whether the Fed is making the mirror image of its 2021 risk-management mistake by holding too fast to a forecast of sticky disinflation.
Waller says this is different from 2021 because it's easier for the Fed to cut if it's wrong.
Fed Vice Chair Lael Brainard: There are reasons to think high inflation in the more labor sensitive “core services ex-housing” basket might reflect the pass-through of pandemic and war one-offs and not solely cyclical strength from tight labor markets wsj.com/articles/top-f…
Brainard: "To the extent that inputs other than wages may have been responsible in part for important price increases for some nonhousing service sectors, an unwinding of these factors could help bring down nonhousing services inflation."
Brainard: There’s still a lot of policy tightening in the pipeline
A California T-shirt maker has returned prices to prepandemic levels after raising prices $4 in 2020:
“The consumer’s mind-set has changed.”
“They want to save money and raising prices is not an option for me in 2023, even though many of my costs are still elevated.”
Oransi LLC, a maker of air purifiers, cut prices on its bestselling model in November by 20%. The model had sold for $599 since its September 2020 launch. It is now $399.
The company cut the price to offset waning consumer demand and heightened competition.
The Fed has posted the transcripts of all FOMC meetings from 2017, pulling back the curtain on the deliberations and rollout of its plan to passively shrink its then-$4.5 trillion asset portfolio federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy…
The December 2017 policy meeting shows officials trying to reconcile the potential effects of the Trump tax cuts (which hadn't been finalized then).
Chair Yellen: "I now anticipate that a modestly faster pace of policy tightening will be appropriate."
The December meeting shows officials grappling with issues that animated their 2019-20 review: Should they change their operating framework to seek a mild overshoot of the 2% target?
One question I hear often is why the ECB and other central banks are much farther ahead of the Fed on climate issues
Powell implicitly answered that question in his appearance in Stockholm (which didn't address current rate policy or the economic outlook) wsj.com/articles/jerom…
In his opening remarks, Powell declared the Fed "will not be a climate policymaker"
And in his concluding remarks, he said, "We shouldn't be getting ahead of where the public is if there's no specific mandate," saying this especially true in the U.S.
The main difference between Europe and the U.S. is that there's a clear political consensus in the former that the government should take broad action to address climate.
There isn't such a political consensus in the U.S.