2/
After appropriate technique to get PWD of suprahepatic Veins.
Look for the 4 classic waves of the tetraphasic spectrum of the hepatic veins (a,S,v,D).
3/
Most of the flow in the hepatic veins is hepatofugal (towards heart).
4/
The spectrum is phasic and predominantly anterograde (towards heart).
5/ Waves Meaning.
a: Atrial contraction. It's retrograde.
6/
S: Systole causes a suction effect in the right atrium. Most anterograde wave of the cycle.
7/
v: Peak represents the opening of the tricuspid valve and the transition from systole to diastole.