Stained glass has been used by artisans across the globe for thousands of years. Since the 8th century, the Muslim world played a major role in the growth of the glass industry. Mosques & cities were transformed into beautiful spaces richly decorated with glass.
A thread…
1/ Stained glass window at The Şemsi Pasha Mosque, Turkey
Designed by Ottoman imperial architect Mimar Sinan in 1581 for Grand Vizier Şemsi Pasha. It is one of the most attractive mosques in the city & a celebrated example of the chief architect's skills.
2/ Stained glass window at Beit Al Qur'an, Hoora, Bahrain
A multi-purpose complex dedicated to the Islamic arts. Established in 1990, the complex is most famous for its Islamic museum, which has been acknowledged as being one of the most renowned Islamic museums in the world.
3/ Stained glass windows at The Nasir al-Mulk Mosque, Iran
Constructed between 1876 & 1888, during the Qajar dynasty, which ruled Iran from 1785 to 1925. It has been dubbed the “Pink Mosque” due to the plethora of pink-colored tiles blanketing the ceiling
4/ Stained glass window in a mosque in the Old City of Jerusalem, Palestine
5/ Stained glass window at the Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba, Spain
It represents a unique artistic achievement due to its size height of its ceilings. It is an irreplaceable testimony of the Caliphate of Cordoba & is the most emblematic monument of Islamic religious architecture
6/ Stained glass windows at Dowlatabad Garden, Yazd, Iran
Created in 1747 by Mohammad Taghi Khan Bafqi. It was listed as a UNESCO world heritage site in 2011, as part of the Persian gardens. It is also listed in UNESCO as a part of the historical city of Yazd in 2017.
7/ Stained glass window at The Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque, Oman
In 1992, Qaboos bin Said al Said, the then Sultan of Oman, directed that his country should have a Grand Mosque. A competition for its design took place in 1993 it took 6 years and 7 months to complete.
8/ Stained glass windows at Bibi-Eybat Mosque, Baku, Azerbaijan
The existing structure built in the 1990s is a recreation of the mosque with the same name built in the 13th century by Shirvanshah Farrukhzad II Ibn Ahsitan II, which was destroyed by the Bolsheviks in 1936.
9/ Stained glass window at Selimiye mosque, Edirne, Turkey
Commissioned by Sultan Selim II, & was built by the imperial architect Mimar Sinan between 1568 & 1575. It was considered by Sinan to be his masterpiece & one of the highest achievements of Islamic architecture.
10/ Stained glass window at Umayyad Mosque, Syria
One of the largest & oldest mosques in the world. Christian & Muslim tradition alike consider it the burial place of John the Baptist, a tradition originating in the 6th century.
11/ Stained glass windows at Grand Çamlıca Mosque, Turkey
Currently the largest mosque in Turkey, it was completed and opened on 7 March 2019. The mosque stands astride Çamlıca Hill in the Üsküdar district of Istanbul and is visible from much of the centre of the city.
12/ Stained glass window at Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque, Brunei
Considered one of the most beautiful mosques in the Asia Pacific. Construction of the mosque was completed
on 26 September 1958. It is named after Omar Ali Saifuddin III, the 28th Sultan of Brunei Darussalam
13/ Stained glass window at Kul Sharif Mosque, Kazan
Built in the 16th century, it was named after Kul Sharif, who was a religious scholar who served there. Kul Sharif died with his numerous students while defending Kazan from Russian forces in 1552.
14/ Stained glass window at Al-Aqsa Mosque, Jerusalem, Palestine
In the Old City of Jerusalem the 3rd holiest site in Islam. It was built on top of the Temple Mount, known as the Al Aqsa Compound or Haram esh-Sharif in Islam, several decades after Prophet Muhammad's (PBUH) death
15/ Stained glass windows at Sultan Ahmed Mosque, Turkey
An Ottoman-era historical imperial mosque, it attracts large numbers of tourist visitors. It was constructed between 1609 and 1616 during the rule of Ahmed I. Its Külliye contains Ahmed's tomb, a madrasah and a hospice.
16/ Stained glass window at Darül Kurra, Turkey
Built in 1492 by Hodja Yakup. This “darulkurra”, a place where the Holy Qur’an was taught, is also known as “Hodja Yakup Darulkurra” or “Yer Kapı Muallimhanesi”.
17/ Stained glass window at Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque, Abu Dhabi, UAE
The largest mosque in the country, it is the key place of worship for daily prayers. Built between 1994 and 2007, the project was launched by the late president of the UAE Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan.
18/ Stained glass windows at Sheesh Mahal, Kot Diji, Sindh, Pakistan
Built by Mir Fateh Ali Khan, who established the Talpur dynasty. Talpur architecture features a combination of various elements that have roots derived from Islamic, Mughal, Rajasthani & British buildings.
19/ Stained glass window at Al-Aqsa Mosque, Jerusalem, Palestine
In the Old City of Jerusalem the 3rd holiest site in Islam. It was built on top of the Temple Mount, known as the Al Aqsa Compound or Haram esh-Sharif in Islam, several decades after Prophet Muhammad's (PBUH) death
20/ Stained glass windows at the Khan's Palace of Shaki, Azerbaijan
Built in 1797 by Muhammed Hasan Khan. It was intended to house the Khans who were in charge of Shaki, as viceroys of the ruling Zand & later Qajar Persian dynasties from 1750 - 1813 after the Russo-Persian War.
21/ Stained glass window at Hagia Sophia, Turkey
Hagia Sophia was built in 537, with minarets added in the 15th–16th centuries when it became a mosque. After the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453, it was converted to a mosque by Mehmed the Conqueror
22/ Stained glass window at Mosque-Cathedral of Córdoba, Spain
The original structure was built by the Umayyad ruler ʿAbd ar-Raḥmān I in 784–786 with extensions in the 9th & 10th centuries that doubled its size, making it one of the largest sacred buildings in the Islamic world
23/ Stained glass window at Fez Mosque, Morocco
The historic main Friday mosque of Fes el-Jdid, the royal city and Marinid-era citadel of Fes, Morocco. It was founded in 1276, around the same time that the city itself was founded, making it the oldest mosque in Fes el-Jdid.
24/ Stained glass windows at Sheki Khan’s Winter Palace, Azerbaijan
Wander through the historic city of Sheki, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, to find the Sheki Khan’s Winter Palace. The 18th-century structure & its gorgeous stained glass are sure to leave you impressed.
Discover more about stained glass and Muslim culture, with sources of inspiration & information for this thread - and further reading:
‘Traveling leaves you speechless, then turns you into a storyteller’
- Ibn Battuta
The most famous explorer in the Muslim World, Ibn Battuta, travelled more than any other explorer in pre-modern history - around 117,000 km!
A thread on the 14th century explorer Ibn Battuta…
1/ Ibn Battuta was born in 1304 CE in Tangier, Morocco. His travelogue the Rihla is his most important work. His journeys in the Rihla lasted for a period of almost thirty years, covering nearly the whole of the known Islamic world & beyond.
2/ Ibn Battuta travelled more than any other explorer in pre-modern history, surpassing Zheng He with 50,000 km (31,000 mi) and Marco Polo with 24,000 km. His total distance travelled was approximately 117,000 km (73,000 mi) (15,000 mi).
The Qur’an was first revealed during the month of Ramadan. This blessed month is also known by Muslims as the month of Fasting
To celebrate the arrival of #Ramadan here are 24 beautiful Qur’anic manuscripts found in museum collections across the world #RamadanMubarak
A thread…
1/ Folio from a Manuscript of the Qur'an
Iran, Shiraz, 1550-1575
Ink, colors and gold on paper
@LACMA #Ramadan
@LACMA 2/ Double Folio from a Qur'an
c. 1330-1350, Central Asian or Turkish
Early Muslim settlers from central and western Asia carried Islamic book traditions into India, especially in the form of Qur'ans, such as the one from which these pages come
Shah-i-Zinda is one Samarkand’s most beloved sites, which contains some of the richest tile work in the world. The magnificent architecture draws inspiration from multiple periods & styles, taking you back through time & across cultures
A thread on the beauty of Shah-i-Zinda…
1/ The Shah-i-Zinda ensemble includes mausoleums, mosques & other ritual buildings of 11-15th & 19th centuries. The name Shah-i-Zinda (meaning The living king) is connected with the legend that Qutham ibn Abbas, a cousin of the Prophet Muhammad PBUH is buried here
📷 Ash Diler
2/ Shah-i-Zinda is a world-famous example of a continuously constructed historical site. Over 1,000 years ago, it was founded with a single religious monument. Between the 11th & 19th centuries, mosques & mausoleums were continuously added
From Spain to Azerbaijan, to Germany to Bosnia, Europe has some of the finest mosques.
The presence of Islam in Europe is not a new phenomenon, with Muslims residing in the continent as early as the 8th century.
Here are 24 mosques across Europe #JummahMubarak
A thread…
1/ Koski Mehmed-Pasha Mosque, Mostar, Bosnia
Dates back to 1617 & features numerous multicolored windows, a minaret with a lookout spot & a courtyard with several tombs. Although the original Ottoman mosque was heavily damaged during the attacks of the 1990s it has been restored
2/ The Shah Jahan Mosque, Woking, England
This is the first purpose built mosque that was built in the UK.
It was built in 1889 by Dr Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner, an orientalist of Jewish descent from Hungary. Money was donated by Begum Shah Jahan, the Nawab Begum of Bhopal.
Welcome to Al-Mutanabbi Street the ‘Book Market of Baghdad’, where books remain in the street at night because Iraqis say:
“The reader does not steal and the thief does not read.”
A thread on the rich heritage of the historic book market on Al-Mutanabbi Street…
1/ Al-Mutanabbi Street is the historic center of Baghdad bookselling, that dates back to the time of the Abbasids. Located near the old quarter of Baghdad, Al-Mutanabbi Street was Baghdad’s first book traders’ market.
2/ Al-Mutanabbi Street has been, since time immemorial, the historic heart and soul of the Baghdad literary and intellectual community.
Libraries developed in the Islamic Golden Age due to a commitment to literacy & seeking knowledge. One of the oldest libraries in the world Al-Qarawiyyin library, was founded by a Muslim woman, more than 12 centuries ago!
A thread on the greatest libraries in Islamic history…
1/ Al-Qarawiyyan Library, Fez, Morocco
Founded by a Muslim woman, Fatima El-Fihriya in 859, it is one of the oldest libraries in the world & the oldest library in Africa. It also holds the distinction of being the world’s oldest working library, & is still in use today…
1.1/ The Al-Qarawiyyan Library houses a collection of 4,000 rare books & ancient Arabic manuscripts written by renowned scholars of the region. The manuscripts include a 9th century version of the Quran and a manuscript on Islamic jurisprudence written by philosopher Averroes.