"The Carl Hagenbeck East India Perahera Introducing for the first time in America over one-hundred people, men, women, and children from far away India."
"Hindoos, Singalese and other natives in a Grand exposition of life in that strange country bringing before us a veritable Hindoo Village with its artisans, necromancers, sorcerers, warriors, snake charmers, devil dancers, fire worshippers, pole climbers, rope dancers..."
"house-wives and children. Including the Sacred Nautch Girl Dancers from the Rajah's Palace of Delhi"
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"If I were asked to describe India the first remark that would spring from my lips would be, 'It is a land of idols.' It would be impossible to compute the number of idols that there must be at the present time in India."
"The Hindoos pretend to have 333,000,000 gods, and these are represented by innumerable idols, so that we are quite bewildered with the thought of taking the census of the idols of India"
"Some people, indeed most people, think of the population of India as barbarous and heathenish. It is a great mistake, and many missionaries wish they were, so hard is it to make impressions on them"
"They are skilled metaphysicians and accomplished logicians. Why, the theories of Huxley and Darwin were known and tried by Hindoo masters 2,000 years ago and rejected"
"The Hindoo Triad is Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva. The Triad stands at the head of a vast pantheon of gods, numbering no less than 330,000,000, all of whom are monstrosities of vice"
While I agree that historical events like the #BellinghamRiots should not be contorted to fit contemporary political narratives, we should also be wary of another error: the anachronistic imposition of labels that don't reflect the social and cultural climate at the time. 1/n
It is true that the majority of the victims in the riots were Punjabi Sikhs, and it is also true that they were identified as "hindoo" by the average American at the time. How do we reconcile this? Audrey's answer seems to be that despite the broad application of "hindoo" 2/n
the workers in Bellingham were victims of anti-Sikh or anti-Muslim religious prejudice.
This doesn't stand up to scrutiny.
"Hindoo" was not just an ethnic identifier; it was a contested cultural category that featured prominently in the American imagination for centuries 3/n
"India is the strangest, most colorful, and weirdly mysterious land under the sun. It at once fascinates and repulses; thrills and appalls; delights and saddens."
"Bound up in a bundle of complexes so legion that even the thought of understanding is futile, India the eternal, the immutable, remains a challenge to a modern world of realities-- the iconoclast of nations-- ruthlessly disproving the accepted beliefs of a scientific world..."
"Six badly beaten Hindus are in the hospital. 400 frightened and half naked Sikhs are in the jail and corridors of the city hall under guard, and somewhere between Bellingham and British Columbia line are 750 natives of India, beaten, hungry, and half clothed..."
"making their way along the Great Northern railway, bound for Canadian territory and the protection of the British flag."
"'The state of Washington will not be a dumping ground of the Orient. The white laborers of Bellingham have long felt the necessity of taking some drastic action against the Hindoo competitor in the labor market and I am not surprised that the recent outbreak occurred.""
"'I am very glad no lives were lost and that no one was injured.' This is Governor Albert Meed's summing up of the recent race riots in his home town of Bellingham, Washington."