1/
You’re starting a consult service block.

But this time is different.

-Maybe you don’t have a consult “team” to teach
-Maybe you want to showcase your specialty & recruit interested trainees
-Maybe you want to build ties to other service lines

What to do?

This week: Image
2/
@JenniferSpicer4 and I have spent the last few weeks exploring the "why", the "who", and the "when" of teaching the primary team in our role as consultants.

Now let's turn to the "what".

What repertoire of teaching scripts should we strive to develop as specialists?
3/
1⃣ Content knowledge

It's natural to gravitate toward teaching specialty-specific content - that's our expertise!

We've covered a lot of this territory in prior threads.

I'm going to highlight some of those pearls & point out specific strategies for teaching primary teams.
4/
Most of us think about teaching "content" to primary teams at the time we deliver recommendations.

To do so most effectively, it's worth revisiting the factors that determine "where" a learner is.

Those factors impact what content we can teach.

5/
Let’s start w/ teaching when delivering recs in-person.

Here, it makes most sense to use the consult “type” to guide your teaching:
📌 Differentiated problem ➡️ scripts
📌 Undifferentiated problem ➡️ schemas
📌 Management decision ➡️ risks/benefits Image
6/
Obviously, there's a LOT that one could teach.

But I'm going to make a special plug for teaching schemas (a la @CPSolvers).

Schemas allow you to reinforce what the primary team has already done, add nuance, & build autonomy.

Effective schemas empower learners.
7/
In a previous thread, I shared strategies for building schemas for members of the consult team.

The same principles can also be discussed with primary teams.

But here are some additional concrete strategies that apply specifically to primary teams.

Image
8/
I also believe it is our responsibility as consultants to teach WHY we recommend a certain diagnostic pathway or therapeutic option.

This means being transparent about factors influencing our decision-making.

Doing this in-person mitigates conflict.

9/
Now let's hit ⏸️ & recognize that although many consider in-person delivery of recs to be the 🎯, that’s not reality.

More often than not, we are delivering recs by 📞.

On the phone, your limitations are:
⏲️ Time
🥱 Attention span
🫥 No visuals

10/
So, what CAN we teach on the phone?

The ideal telephone teaching point needs to be:
*⃣ Short
*⃣ Clinically relevant
*⃣ Accessible to the audience

In essence, it should be a clinical PEARL.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18821165/ Image
11/
2⃣ Processes

Now let’s move beyond scripts/schemas. We can also teach primary teams our processes – these are skills.

This often takes us beyond the "delivery of recs" encounter to other teaching contexts, such as:

🛌 Teaching at the bedside
🧑‍🤝‍🧑 Multidisciplinary teaching
12/
Last week @JenniferSpicer4 shared examples of what to teach primary teams at the bedside.

While this teaching often occurs on-the-fly, by actively reflecting on things we do often (read: subconsciously) we can generate scripts more intentionally.

Image
13/
@JenniferSpicer4 also described venues for us to teach through our interactions w/ other healthcare professionals.

In these settings, we can teach:
💬 WHAT questions to ask (in radiology, micro, etc)
⌚️ WHEN to ask them
🗣️ HOW to ask them (framing)

14/
In this 🧵 I’ve focused on domains of teaching scripts targeting the primary team (the one requesting the consult).

But remember that we interact with many other learners in our work as consultants.

We can be intentional about teaching them too!

15/
In summary:

📌 We can teach content knowledge or processes depending on the context
📌 Always identify "where" your learner is when teaching the primary team
📌 In-person teaching is best tailored to the consult “type”
📌 Telephone teaching should be limited to “pearls” Image
16/
Next week @JenniferSpicer4 will wrap up this series on #SubspecialtyTeaching with a “Summary” thread.

Remember to check out @MedEdTwagTeam & follow @YihanYangMD @GStetsonMD @ChrisDJacksonMD to keep up with all our threads!

Thanks for joining and see you next week! Image

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More from @VarunPhadke2

Feb 28
1/
You staff a new consult w/ your team. You share pearls & make a plan.

Then:
🩻 You review the CT w/ radiology.
🤝 You chat w/ another consult service.
🗣️ You deliver your recs at the workroom.
📲 You call night float w/ an update.

So many opportunities to teach!

This week: Image
2/
Last week @JenniferSpicer4 kicked off our segment on "Teaching the Primary Team" by focusing on "The Why."



This week, for "The Who", I want to think beyond just the primary team to identify the many different learners we encounter as consultants.
3/
Why?

Even though the primary team is the obvious audience for teaching - their "ask" is what invited us into the case to begin with! - we usually interface with many other teams in the process of rendering our opinion.

All of these teams have learners we can impact!
Read 13 tweets
Feb 14
1/
2pm. Usual day on ID consults.

Learner: “So the patient had [complex multi-stage procedure w/ prosthetic material] yesterday. Turns out they were bacteremic.”

You: "and...?"

Learner: "They want antibiotic recs...I'm not sure how to approach that..."

You: 🤷

This week:
2/
Consultants are often called upon for input on management.

Typically, this means helping with a clinical decision (which test? which treatment?).

Management reasoning refers to the cognitive processes by which clinicians make those decisions.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29800012/
3/
Teaching & assessing clinical decision-making skills is HARD.

Without a framework for the cognitive processes involved, it can be challenging to isolate the specific skills a learner needs to work on.

This leads to unhelpful feedback like "lacks confidence" (which = 🤷).
Read 20 tweets
Feb 8
1/
You’re staffing a complex patient w/ a learner on your consult team.

As they present it's clear the case was challenging for them.

They get to their assessment & take a breath.

You hit ⏸️ & say…”You know what? Let’s think through this dx together.”

What next?

This week:
2/
Consultants are often asked to assist with diagnosis.

What do we bring to the table?

An easy answer is deeper knowledge of a specific subset of presenting problems & diseases.

Focused clinical exposure means that we develop a unique & rich library of schemas & scripts.
3/
Though specialty-specific knowledge is essential to effective diagnostic reasoning for consultants, it is not enough.

Our unique 'invited' role in cases means we also need to have specific (meta)cognitive skills & habits.

Those skills/habits are part of a teachable process.
Read 18 tweets
Jan 17
1/
9am. Consults.

Them: “We want you on board because ____ is 'refusing' to do this procedure but ____ says it's needed. You're the tiebreaker.”

You: [sigh] “OK.”

⌛️

Patient: “Ah! ____ said YOU'RE the one holding up my discharge!”

You: 🙄

Feeling triggered yet?

This week: Image
2/
Conflict is inevitable when working within a system.

What do I mean when I say “conflict”? 🤔 For the purposes of this 🧵 let me paraphrase a huge body of literature w/ the following definition:

Conflict is “disagreement” that causes (or has the potential to cause) “harm”.
3/
Let's unpack this a bit more w/ a focus on conflict in consultative care.

"Disagreement" is a broad term.

It can stem from...
↪️ real OR perceived differences in opinion
↪️ about diagnosis OR management
↪️ between the primary team & the consultant OR between consultants
Read 19 tweets
Dec 20, 2022
1/
5pm. ID consults.

On 📞 giving recs re: culture growing Serratia.

Them: TY for seeing our patient!

You: Of course! BTW do you know the hx of Serratia? No? Well let me tell you about Operation Sea-Spray…

⌛️

Them: ...So should we start abx? Which one?

You: 😳

This week: Image
2/
So far @JenniferSpicer4 & I have explored consultant skills pertaining to the consult "ask".

We'll now focus on how to respond to the ask, verbally & through notes.

Let's start w/ a poll of those of you who CALL consults:

What is your PREFERRED way to receive consult recs?
3/
Previous studies suggest that verbal communication of consultant recs – especially initial recs - is preferred by most clinicians.

Additionally, lack of in-person interaction w/ consultants is one factor hospitalists identify as negatively impacting learning & patient care. Image
Read 17 tweets
Dec 7, 2022
1/
Fri. 4PM. You just got consult #8.

Then, a call: "We have a new consult. This patient's been here for 2 weeks. We’re not sure what’s going on & wanted you on board.”

😱

You: "…so, what’s the question…?"

How do we improve this interaction?

This week: Receiving Consults
2/
About 3 yrs ago on a thread about the cognitive aspects of consults I posted this poll:


Nearly 2/3 of >1100 respondents said “anticipated pushback” was the biggest anxiety-inducing factor when calling a consult.

This is a problem.
3/
"Pushback" can be intentional or perceived. Either way it is not a desirable component of consultation (for EITHER side).

This week our focus is the consult request interaction, including its goals & downstream consequences, and strategies to make it more productive.
Read 18 tweets

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