The Geopolitics in the 21st Century 15 books series, published under the auspices of the Order from Chaos project at Brookings @BrookingsInst, will analyze the major dynamics at play and offer ideas and strategies to guide critical countries and key leaders on how they should act
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Choice involves uncertainty, risk, & immediacy; those who must make the choices operate in contemporary fog that envelops events rather than from certainty and clarity that come with time, distance, & reflec- tion. Nowhere is this more true than in foreign policy decisionmaking.
Reforms, such as dismantling the crippling set of government regulations known as licence-permit system, and opening India to the world from 1991 on, saw a series of actions that coincided with the high noon of the globalized world economy between 1989 and 2008.
All three, Rao, Vajpayee, & Singh thought deeply about FP before entering office, & brought intellectual capital to task of remaking India’s policies to fit changed situation. They were intellectuals who enjoyed playing with concepts, ideas,& options that new FP challenges posed.
The decisions examined in this book cover India’s relationships with the 🇺🇸 , 🇨🇳 , 🇵🇰 , and 🇱🇰 , and India’s nuclear posture. They relate to a period when India’s engagement with world was redrawn: when relations with the 🇺🇸 were transformed & relations with 🇨🇳 were stabilized.
A boundary is a line agreed upon by both states & normally delineated on maps & on ground by both states. A border is a zone between two states, nations,or civilizations. It is frequently also an area where peoples,nations, & cultures intermingle &are in contact with one another.
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“The 2024 Beijing Declaration” marks a historic breakthrough in the Palestine-Israel conflict, as 14 Palestinian factions, including Hamas & Fatah, have agreed to pursue a peace process under the auspices of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).
#ChinaPeaceBroker
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The declaration proposes three key principles: an immediate ceasefire in Gaza, Governance of West Bank and Gaza under PLO, UN membership and a two-state solution.
This significant development coincides with Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu's visit to the US, where
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he addressed a joint session of Congress. However, many US lawmakers openly criticized Netanyahu's speech, with some refusing to attend the session. This exposes the US's hypocrisy in promoting a rules-based world order while hosting a controversial leader like Netanyahu.
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On 6 October 2016, PM Nawaz Sharif betrayed Pakistan through #DawnLeaks 🧵⬇️
Pakistan was facing threat of isolation from USA, India and Afghanistan.
On 4 October, during in-house-discussion,there were three presentations: 1st by DGMO, 2nd by NSA & 3rd Foreign Secretary.
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Dawn published a story, supporting international isolation narrative of troika being spread by USA, Indian and Afghanistan.
“Act against militants or face international isolation,civilians tell military”
But before that on 29 September 2016, USA and India NSAs talked+
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On 29 September 2016, US NSA Susan Rice spoke to her Indian counterpart Ajit Doval to offer condolences to families of the Uri attack victims and express support for India on the issue of terrorism, National Security Council spokesman Ned Price said in a read-out on call. +
My difference of opinion proved right when I read an article by S.M. Qureshi,who wrote,
Two years after hanging Bhutto,I was sent to meet Yasir Arafat to patch to see him. He told me that General Zia had promised while siting in Masjid e Haram that he wouldn’t hang Bhutto.
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Zia said this in the presence of Shah Khalid. Later, he did not keep his words.
Here is a detailed account from page126-128 from book, ‘compulsions of power’
Biography of General Mirza Aslam Beg.
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I was promoted Major General in 1978 and assigned the Command of 14 Division which was stationed at Okara, With this command I became part of high Military Hierarchy and remained associated with all military matters of the army from 1978 to 1988.
As groups of mujahideen fought for control of Afghanistan in the 1990s, Benazir Bhutto's government made a decision to back the Afghan Taliban in its bid for power; she later admitted she and her government had made a mistake.
Some members of the Pakistan Taliban became radicalized from their involvement in the jihad against the Soviets in Afghanistan in the 1980s. In 1989, Sufi Muhammad, who had fought in that jihad, formed the Tehrik-e-Nifaz-Shariat-Mohammadi (TNSM) to impose Sharia in Dir.
The TNSM was one of the precursors of the Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan. His son-in-law, Fazal Hayat, known publicly Mullah Fazlullah or just Fazlullah, is the current leader of the Pakistan Taliban. He is a former chairlift operator with no formal religious training.
Bhutto's untimely death forced Musharraf to delay elections beyond 8 January 2008 to 18 February. Leaderless party of Bhutto faced a crisis in middle of the campaign. Zardari, who had remained in Dubai when his wife had travelled back to Pakistan for the campaign, suddenly
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produced a handwritten document reportedly prepared by his wife naming him as the heir of the party command and control. A compliant PPP leadership team quickly accepted this evidence and his new role as the head of the party of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.
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To add to the popular appeal of the Bhutto name, Zardari announced on 30 December 2007 that his nineteen-year-old son Bilawal would become party chairman and take over the party on completion of his studies at the University of Oxford in England.
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The transition to democracy following Zia's death raised hopes that Pakistan would enter a new era with the beginnings of a modern party system, the addressing of long-standing social inequalities and the ending of the centre-state problems which had beset the country.
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The advent of Benazir Bhutto as Pakistan's youngest and first female Prime Minister also raised the possibility that gender inequalities would be addressed & Pakistan would move towards becoming a progressive and tolerant Muslim society. Such hopes were to be cruelly dashed.
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The alternation of Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif in office was marked by political infighting, financial scandals, limited legislative enactment, and economic failure. Poverty increased as result of sluggish growth, despite Nawaz Sharif's attempt to liberalize the economy.
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