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c0nc0rdance Profile picture
@c0nc0rdance
Apr 15, 2023 • 8 tweets • 4 min read • Read on X
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What do cabbage, kale, broccoli, brussel sprouts, cauliflower, collard greens & kohlrabi have in common?

If you said "they're the same species of plant, selected for different qualities", you're correct!

Let's talk about the chameleon of the vegetable world, the #Brassica! Image
They're all Brassica oleracea, derived from the wild cabbage, which is itself part of the wild mustard FAMILY.

Brussel sprouts are cultivars selected for unopened lateral lead buds, broccoli & cauliflower for the unopened flowers, kale for leaves, kohlrabi for enlarged stem. Image
That's the basics, but there's an even larger family of Brassica whose genetic intercompatibility have produced endless combinations of cultivated crops!

Let's talk about the "triangle of U", named for 1935 paper by 'U Nagaharu' where he presented a theory of Brassica genetics. Image
The basics:
There are 3 diploid species
(AA) Brassica rapa:turnip, napa cabbage and bok choi
(BB) Brassica nigra:black mustard (popular in curries!)
(CC) Brassica oleracea: 'cabbages' Image
These three diploids (N=2) can be hybridized to produce the following allotetraploid (N=4) hybrids:
(AABB) Brown mustard
(AACC) Rapeseed (which we call "canola" in the US) & rutabaga
(BBCC) Ethiopian mustard Image
Canola is one of the most commercially significant vegetable oils, produced by cross-breeding a turnip and a cabbage!

It's even possible to cross all three to produce allohexaploids (N=6), although these hybrids haven't been commercialized. Image
So why is Brassica genetically flexible?
A theory: they're all related to an ancient hexaploid (N=6) plant that gave rise to the diploid lines we know today, so gene organization between these chromosomes are intercompatible.

Like old friends reunited after millions of years. Image
If we want to fully complete our dive into the Brassica family, I should mention they're also ornamentals like Erysimum (the wallflowers), they're the primary plant research model (Arabidopsis thaliana) & maybe most importantly, the firey spices horseradish, wasabi & mustard. ImageImage

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More from @c0nc0rdance

c0nc0rdance Profile picture
Jul 21, 2023
No-one has ever been able to replicate Gregor Mendel's observations of pea plants.

They're a little "too perfect", lacking even random statistical noise that would have been expected from small sample sizes.

Was it scientific fraud?
Famed population geneticist RA Fisher published this paper in 1936 taking Mendel to task for either concealing, cherry-picking, or omitting parts of his study of pea genetics.

There are three points of contention:
digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstre…
1. The segregation ratios (as in 'Mendelian ratios') are too perfect. Actual observations are modified by noise and distortion, only land on the 3:1, 1:2:1 ratios in extremely large samples sizes of ideal, perfect genetic models. Image
Read 9 tweets
c0nc0rdance Profile picture
Jun 25, 2023
Bear with me: this will be a longish thread.

I want to talk about the Map-Territory Relation in #science & why it matters to many topics in public perception of science.

It's what I think of when people insist that 'science says there are only two genders'.

Maybe you've seen this work by René Magritte, called "The Treachery of Images". The text translates: "this is not a pipe".

It's not. It's an IMAGE of a pipe. It only resembles an actual pipe in one very specific way, from a particular angle, in 2-D.
Like this PICTURE of a pipe, a scientific model or system of classification is by nature a SIMPLIFICATION.

British statistician George Box: "Essentially, all models are wrong, but some are useful. However, the approximate nature of the model must always be borne in mind."
Read 19 tweets
c0nc0rdance Profile picture
May 10, 2023
But the most interesting story about Benjamin Franklin I've run across is the giant pit filled with human bones that was recently (1997) found in his basement.

Really.

A giant pit of human bones. The remains of at least 28 bodies. In his basement. Cut up with a saw.
Ben Franklin lived at 36 Craven Street in London (now the 'Benjamin Franklin House & Museum').

Workers doing renovations found the bones in a buried pit in the basement, remains including those of infants. Image
He had a special arrangement with a friend of a friend, William Hewson, now called the "Father of Hematology" for his discovery of blood composition and fibrin.

Hewson operated an "anatomy school" in Ben Franklin's garden (back yard) where students dissected cadavers. Image
Read 7 tweets
c0nc0rdance Profile picture
May 10, 2023
I'm down the rabbit hole on Ben Franklin.

He had an acknowledged illegitimate son, William, who was the last British governor of New Jersey & chief Loyalist, running pro-British military operations from his base in New York.

He died in exile. But HE had an illegitimate son... Image
William Temple Franklin was William's illegitimate son, born while William was in law school, London.

"Temple" accompanied his GRANDFATHER Benjamin & acted as his secretary, worked on Treaty of Paris where France recognized USA.

Brief return to US, then rest of life in France. Image
Temple had an illegitimate son, Théodore, but he died before the age of 5, and an illegitimate daughter, Ellen Franklin Hanbury, who was raised by HER grandfather William.

Ellen married but had no children, so this particular chain of Franklin Bastards reaches its end. Image
Read 4 tweets
c0nc0rdance Profile picture
May 3, 2023
Hogan's Heroes ran 1965-1971:
A campy spy comedy set in a POW camp in Nazi Germany, which feels like a very weird choice.

In poor taste, honestly.

Learning about the actors has given me a new perspective:

First, every major German character was played by a Jewish actor. John Banner, Bob Crane, Wer...
Werner Klemperer (Col. Klink) was born in Cologne, Germany in 1920, moved to LA in 1933 with famous composer father Otto.

He did the show on the stipulation that Klink was never the hero in any episode.
He served in the US Army, stationed at Pearl Harbor in WWII. Image
John Banner was born in Austria in 1910 to Jewish parents, fled during the German "unification" 1938.

He enlisted in the US Army in 1942 & rose to the rank of sergeant.

He lost family members to the Holocaust, although I can't find any specifics. Image
Read 11 tweets
c0nc0rdance Profile picture
May 1, 2023
My hypothesis:
Humans invented hats because we were envious of the marvelous headgear in the animal world.

Let's talk about antlers, horns, ossicones & pronghorns. Irish elk (Megaloceros giga...
#Antlers are shed & regrown every year, composed of bone that begins at a pedicle, base structure that remains after shedding. Antlers are extensions of the the skull.

Mechanism of growth similar to bone HEALING: cartilaginous tissue gives rise to bone coated in skin "velvet". Image
Antlers usually only form on males, with one exception: female reindeer grow shortened antlers, which may be functional for snow clearing, or challenge between females over scarce food resources. Image
Read 12 tweets

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