The biggest medical failure of the pandemic was denying that COVID is airborne.
The biggest engineering failure of the pandemic was not providing a clean air delivery rate required for mitigating airborne disease. That failure has been addressed. We now have good values. 🧵 1/6
ASHRAE 241 Draft Review (Not finalized)
10-90 liters/second/person, depending on the risk of the environment.
Equivalent ACH was calculated based on occupant density in other standards. Higher density increases equivalent ACH.
These rates are all pretty similar. The ASHRAE rates are slightly different because they use per person and it can significantly affect ACH from occupant density. Overall, they are all in agreement that current rates are way too low. The clean air revolution is under way.
6/6
• • •
Missing some Tweet in this thread? You can try to
force a refresh
Looking at the core recommendations for @O_S_P_E IAQ Advisory Group, it does a fantastic job at finding the middle of the road between the recent ASHRAE Standard 241 Draft and CDC Guidelines. It also addresses other IAQ issues. Here's how. 🧵 1/7
With the new CDC guidelines, they recommend 5 air changes per hour, where OSPE recommends 6. These numbers very close. However, they admit there are issues: 1. Places with high ceilings have rates too high 2. High risk spaces will have rates too low 2/7 cdc.gov/coronavirus/20…
ASHRAE's guidance is more accurate from a physics perspective. Infectious aerosols are generated by people, not by room volume, so a rate per person is better. It's not intended as general guidance and has high rates in healthcare and high dense areas. osr.ashrae.org/Online-Comment… 3/7
Overview of Control of Infectious Aerosols
ASHRAE Standard 241P
ASHRAE released a standard for review. It can have significant impacts on designs, operations of new buildings how we move forward. Here's an overview of what's in it.
1/25 osr.ashrae.org/Online-Comment…
To start, many of my threads in the past years are in line with the standard. After fighting all the misinformation, it was really cathartic reading though it. Note: This is not the final release, so things can change.
ASHRAE Standard 241P Control of Infectious Aerosols
Infection Risk Management Mode (IRMM) osr.ashrae.org/Online-Comment…
Understanding IRMM is essential to understanding what we can expect from buildings in the future. Here's a brief description. 🧵
1/9
Need to start with caveats, this is only the advisory public review and not the finished standard. I've read the standard twice and this thread is based on my understanding of the intent. I'll correct it if I'm wrong.
2/9
The rates provided were surprisingly high, but buildings will not be required to always provide those rates. They will only provide them when in Infection Risk Management Mode (IRMM).
In 9.1.3 it defines 3 modes:
Normal, IRMM, Temporary Shutdown (not addressed yet)
3/9
Here's a quick review of the rates that are recommended.
1/5
The recommended equivalent outdoor air rates can be found in Table 5-1 on page 4. They are overall very high. For reference, WHO recommends 10 litres per second (lps)/person and OSPE and Lancet recommend 13.5 lps/person.
2/5
Using standard densities from 62.1 at full occupancy, I've converted these rates into air changes per hour and what CO2 level you would expect to have if outdoor air was the only tool used (it won't be, but this is just for reference). 3/5
ASHRAE just developed a standard to mitigate airborne diseases. Once it's published, I'll do some threads explaining it. For now, I'll give a brief history behind this. 🧵
ASHRAE has had a standard for indoor air quality for many years (called 62.1). One major problem is that it never took into account airborne diseases. Andrew Persily explained why in last month's ASHRAE magazine.
2/7
Then an airborne pandemic hit us and we had no standards. ASHRAE setup the Epidemic Task Force. It gave advice on best practices for buildings and how to improve ventilation and filtration, but did not establish any standard.
I've written a post about air distribution. It seems like a technical and minor aspect of air quality, but it's extremely important. So much of the misinformation and bad decisions during the pandemic relate to misunderstanding air distribution.
1/15 itsairborne.com/air-distributi…
Air distribution refers to how air mixes and is supplied throughout the space. You can get clean air into a room, but you only care about what people are breathing in. When that clean air bypasses people and gets exhausted, it's a useless waste of energy.
2/15
The goal in the vast majority of ventilation systems is to have the air properly mixed. It ensures the clean air dilutes all the pollutants and there are no spaces with higher pollutant concentration. A proper design with diffusers can achieve this.
3/15