๐งตTheology of the Anglo-Saxon Church of England.
Itโs a less-known fact that the 1066 AD Norman Conquest also led to the Papacy taking over the Church of England. Before that time, under the Anglo-Saxons like King Alfred the Great, the Church of England significantly differed from the doctrines being promoted by the medieval Papacy.
Letโs take a look:
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1. The Eucharist
The eucharistic doctrine of Aelfric, a 10th c. Abbot of Eynsham, was widely seen as the post-Reformation doctrine of the Church of England.
Archbishop Matthew Parker had this published: โA Testimony of Antiquity; showing the ancient faith in the Church of England touching the sacrament of the body and blood of the Lordโ (1567) books.google.com/books?id=wfliAโฆ
2. Number of sacraments
A study of Anglo-Saxon theology, Lynne Grundy, โBooks and grace: Aelfric's theologyโ (1991), finds that Aelfric afforded only to Baptism and Eucharist the title of sacraments.
Penance was not seen by Aelfric as a sacrament, in contrast to the newly-fashioned theology on the Continent. Instead, he kept faithful to the understanding of the Church Fathers, of penance as a disciplinary tool to cleanse the faithful.
Under this understanding, Penance was widely used and promoted in the post-Reformation CofE (see thread).
The canon of Scripture used in the Church prior to 1066 AD, was the shorter not the longer one favored by the Popes on the Continent. That made it coterminous with the one later re-adopted at the Reformation.
This sensational Anglo-Saxon tract was published in the 1630s: โA Saxon Treatise Concerning the Old and New Testament. Whereby appears what was the Canon of Holy Scripture then received, and that the Church of England had it so long ago in her Mother-tongueโ (1633) archive.org/details/aelfriโฆ
5. Purgatory
With the deuterocanon not being considered divine revelation (see above), the Saxon Church didnโt adopt the newly-fashioned medieval doctrines, such as Purgatory:
Against Immaculate Conception:
Venerable Bede Aelfric of Eynsham
Against Maryโs Assumption
-St. Adamnan, Abbot of Iona
-Venerable Bede
-Aelfric, Abbot of Eynsham
Folks like Venerable Bede, on icons, followed the position of St. Gregory the Great. (Attached for reference.) Icons may be used for education, but not for worship.
๐งต Anglican theology of โfacing towards the Eastโ (โad orientemโ)
-which way have Anglican ministers historically faced during the Divine Service?
-what theology underpins this?
-are there statistics that demonstrate the common practice?
Letโs explore ๐
Image source: Thomas Cranmer, โCatechismusโ (1548)
At the English Reformation, Anglican clerics celebrated the Divine Service facing eastward (see images above). This was in common with the Lutheran and medieval practice.
Lutheran Medieval
The Anglican directionality stemmed from a particular theology of the East, which informed which way the congregation and the minister faced, how burials were conducted and how the corpses were oriented, and even from which direction the people expected Christโs Second Coming:
For a variety of reasons, early modern depictions of Anglican clergy are not well-known online, or even in the scholarship itself(!). It is truly a drought out there.
-key spiritual practice, rooted in the 1552 Prayerbook
-embodies the โCommunion of Saintsโ
-connects the living & the dead into one
-purged of any links w/ Purgatory
-avoids continental Protestant mistakes
-one of worst corruptions in church history
-priests allowed to do ordinations; bishops just a bonus
-presbyterianism w/ a Pope; inspiration for Calvin etc
-in 20th c. quietly changed and covered up, like it never existed
Whatโs missing from the above diagram of holy orders? The BISHOP!
How did it happen that scenes like the one below became a normal part of the Middle Ages?
Letโs find out-
It begins with the ancient heresies of Aerius, Thebulis, Ischyras, the first ones to claim parity between bishop and presbyter, and that presbyters could ordain:
๐งตDoes Roman Catholicism โfollow the Church Fathersโ?
This is a common meme, grounded in the notion that at least the RCs are โmore patristicโ than tshirt-wearing smoke-&-mirrors US evangelicals.
Which, true enough. But they fall off, beyond that lowest of bars.
Letโs explore:
Table of Conftents:
1. Nature of a Sacrament 2. Icons, Images, & Apostolic Piety 3. Mary 4. Purgatory 5. โDevelopment of Doctrineโ 6. โThe Chair of Peterโ 7. Papacy (as defined by Vatican I) 8. โAerian Heresyโ
-righteousness is not only imputed, but infused (ie. transforms us)
-weโre not only reckoned but actually BECOME righteous
Letโs take a look ๐
Homily of Salvation
-โno man by his own acts [can] be justified, and MADE righteous before Godโ
-โWhat is the true and justifying faith[:] not only to believe that holy Scripture, โฆ but also to have a sure TRUST and confidence in Godโs merciful promises, โฆ whereof doth follow a LOVING heart to obey his commandmentsโ
-โ[Faith moves] us to render our selves unto God wholly with all our WILL, HEARTS, MIGHT, and POWER, to serve him in all good deeds, obeying his commandments during our livesโ
Homily on the True and Lively Faith
-โtrue, liuely, and Christian faith, is โฆ a thing of perfect vertue, of wonderfull operation or working, and strength, bringing foorth all good motions, and good workes.โanglicanlibrary.org/homilies/bk1hoโฆ
Alexander Nowell, โThe Middle Catechismโ (1572)