[A TITANIC STORY]
1/17
The French Revolution was meant to end monarchy but ended up replacing one with another. Replaced KING Louis with EMPEROR Napoleon.
But Napoleon was no Louis. He wanted more than France. So proceeded to conquer all of Europe. Man wanted to be Alexander.
2/17
Then Waterloo happened and “Alexander” died.
But the destitution that caused French Revolution also existed outside France. Take its Germanic neighbors, for instance. So there was a German Revolution, about 30 years after Napoleon.
Part of this mess was Bavaria.
3/17
And part of its casualty was German Jewry. Barely 4 years before the Revolution, a 26-year-old Prussian had published a paper titled “On the Jewish Question” in which he said, “the emancipation of the Jews is the emancipation of mankind from Judaism.”
His name, Karl Marx.
4/17
Being stereotyped as wealthy isn’t terribly healthy in times of Revolutions. The fresh wave of antisemitism that started in 1848 drove many Jews out of Europe to a land of promise on the other side of the Atlantic.
Among them was one Lazarus Straus from Bavaria.
5/17
Lazarus left behind a large family to seek out a new life in the New World. He spent two years in hard labor, first as a pushcart peddler, then as a dry-goods storekeeper in Georgia.
Once he was comfortable enough, Lazarus called for his family which included Isidor.
6/17
Isidor Straus was his eldest, only 9 at the time of arrival. The boy was keen on joining the military and almost got into West Point, but everything fell apart as the Civil War broke out.
He did get into the Confederate Army, though, but couldn’t serve for being underage.
7/17
The family had moved to Columbus during the Civil War but after the city burned down in the fighting, they had to move again. This time, they headed to New York where Lazarus met Quaker named Rowland Macy. Macy ran a dry goods store on Sixth Avenue named R. H. Macy & Co.
8/17
Lazarus wanted to sell porcelain and glassware from China, but had no place to put up a store. So he convinced Macy to rent him in the basement. He named it L. Straus & Sons.
Both businesses did well and prospered.
Then Macy died. But Macy’s continued to prosper.
9/17
In 1880, Isidor and his wife had their 5th child, a girl. They named her Minnie. L. Straus & Sons kept doing good business. By the time Minnie was 4, the Strauses had acquired a partnership into their landlords’ store. By the time she was 16, they’d acquired it whole.
10/17
Lazarus passed away two years later. By this point, the Straus family was already among America’s wealthiest and rubbed shoulders with the Vanderbilts, Rockefellers, and Lehmans. Isidor even got to serve as a US Congressman for a year on a Democratic Party ticket.
11/17
In 1904, at the age of 24, Minnie Straus married a fellow New Yorker named Richard Weil. He was a cancer researcher and member of the medical staff at Manhattan’s German Hospital (now named Lenox Hill Hospital). Dr. Weil would go on to pioneer the idea of blood banks.
12/17
Three years into marriage, the Weils had their first boy; they named him the same as the father, Richard Weil, Jr. They already had a girl the year before and would go on to have two more sons, one of whom died in infancy. Minnie and Richard kept out of Macy’s.
13/17
Then came 1911. Isidor and his wife traveled to Europe on a winter vacation. There were no transatlantic flights those days, so it was a good old sea voyage.
It was the same for the return trip the following April. Only one problem…
The return was aboard Titanic.
14/17
The couple never made it despite being eligible for preferential rescue. Isidor declined lifeboat in favor of children. His wife declined because she wouldn’t leave her husband’s side.
The couple was last seen holding hands on the deck as the ship went down.
15/17
Ida’s body was never found. Isidor’s was after 15 days. Richard Weil, Jr., their grandson, was just 4 then. He would go on to join his late grandfather’s business and become its President.
Richard Weil, Jr. would later have a son whom he’d name Richard Weil III.
16/17
Weil III became a doctor and had several kids, among them a girl named Wendy Hollings Weil.
And when Wendy grew up, she married a wealthy West Coast business scion named Richard Stockton Rush III.
17/17
If the name rings a bell, that’s because he just died exploring the wreckage of the ship that killed his wife’s great-great grandfather a little over a hundred years ago.
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[🧵 THE STORY OF CASTE 2: UNTOUCHABILITY]
1/38
There are two dimensions to caste—endogamy and untouchability. The last time we were on the subject, we only discussed endogamy. This time, we’ll explore untouchability. And unlike the last time, we’ll start at the very beginning.
2/38
For the most part, India’s story begins with the Indus Valley Civilization. Did they have caste? They sure did class stratification. But was there untouchability? At least some seem to think so, Romila Thapar being one of them.
3/38
In the absence of conclusive material and epigraphic evidence it’s difficult to affirm that with certainty. A tenuous link may be drawn between Mohenjo-Daro’s Great Bath and the idea of ritual purity and hence the presence of an untouchable class in the Indus society.
[🧵 THE STORY OF CASTE]
1/52
Jean-Antoine Dubois of France came to Pondicherry in French India shortly after his ordination in 1792. On one hand he was fleeing the Revolution, on the other he was seeking fresh converts for his missionary order.
2/52
8 years later, Tipu died at war and Mysore fell to the British. Dubois then moved to Mysore. Here, he handed the British resident a manuscript he’d just completed. The resident sent it to Lord Bentinck in Madras. By 1816, the work was in press.
3/52
Dubois’ work on caste is not the first and certainly the best known on the subject today. But it happens to be among the most influential of its time the effects of which would only appear decades after its author’s death.
Dubois never succeeded in his mission, by the way.
Much has already been discussed about what Savarkar and Golwalkar thought of Hitler, so little can be added to it now. What hasn’t, at least not enough and not among the masses, is what Hitler thought of India—more specifically, Hindus.
So let’s learn (all primary sources)…
Let’s first meet this gentleman named Otto Johann Maxmilian Strasser.
One of the early Nazis, Strasser fell out with Hitler and finally parted ways in 1920, much like Trotsky would with Stalin a few years later. His brother was killed in the Night of the Long Knives.
In 1940 while in exile, Strasser published a personal memoir of his time with Hitler, titled “Hitler and I.” This is where he illustrates the real source of his disenchantment with the tyrant—his racial policies.
The book also reveals his support for India’s independence.
The year is 1528. Sultan Muhammad ibn Darvish, mufti (magistrate) of Balkh, is on s trip to Kabul with a caravan of merchants, camels, mules, and horses.
December 26, the caravan reaches a ghost town on the other side of the Hindu Kush where a winter storm forces it to a halt.
Given it’s a ghost town, no shelter is in sight. Then something on the face of the mountain catches their attention.
Two titanic statues carved into recesses in the rock—one male, the other female. The niches around the figures are roomy enough for the entire group.
A hundred men along with camels and mules take shelter in the larger niche, the one with the male figure. Another three hundred along with horses and mules take the other niche, the female one.
The mufti would later describe the night and the statues in his chronicles.
That Alauddin Khilji was a barbaric tyrant is no secret of history. What isn’t so well-known is the role of a cleric from Bayana in injecting fundamentalism to this tyranny.
For starters, every act of tyranny is a response to political contingencies. Khilji’s was no different.
More than 200 years before Akbar, Khalji took the title of Zil-i-Ilahi or ‘shadow of Allah.’ Any guesses why?
Patricide.
Alauddin had to kill his father to secure the throne, an act strictly condemned in Islamic jurisprudence.
Two things are indispensable to a ruler hoping for a decent shelf-life: popular support and strong military.
Popular support is impossible when you’re seen as a usurper and a violator of your religion. This had to be fixed.
So goes the story. At least as we’ve known so far. But who says so?
Ashoka himself, it seems.
In Major Rock Edict XIII, to be precise.
Interestingly, nowhere in MRE XIII, does the king make any mention of Buddha or Buddhism. The only way we know he means Buddhism is because he drops a very Buddhist word multiple times—Dhamma.
Dhamma is Prakrit for Sanskrit Dharma. Vedic corpus never uses Prakrit.
The edict in question came up in his 8th regnal year, i.e. eight years since coronation. That bit comes from the edict itself.
The edict is mainly a remote piece after the Kalinga carnage and expresses the king’s yearning for peace and nonviolence.