We recently unraveled a perplexing mystery. This spring, we collared a female wolf in the Clearcut Pack territory. The wolf was clearly not, based on her appearance, one of the 3 Clearcut Pack members. But she has remained in the Clearcut Pack territory since we collared her.
This left us a bit confused as to what was going on. If the female was a lone wolf, we would not be surprised if she lingered for a while before moving on but her movements were as if she were part of the pack…and we had good evidence to suggest she wasn't.
Just recently, we started intensively reviewing all of our trail camera footage from this winter…and there is a ton of footage to go through and it is a long process. But this trail camera footage helped us piece it all together.
The young female we collared (Wolf B6T) had very distinctive facial markings, including a prominent black dash below her left eye. As we went through our footage, we realized she was the subordinate wolf of the Bluebird Lake Pack...
...which was only 3 wolves this past winter (Wolf B6T and her parents—Wolves P0C and P3S, the breeding pair).
And this is where things start to get interesting.
In January, both of B6T’s parents were killed by other wolves within a 1 week period. We suspect one or both of her parents were killed by the Clearcut Pack—the pack that took over the Bluebird Lake Pack territory in January.
After the breeding pair was killed, we had assumed that the 3rd wolf of the Bluebird Lake Pack (who we now refer to as B6T) was also killed or that it had become a lone wolf and left the area. Turns out, that wasn’t the case.
Instead, trail cameras show that this 3rd wolf (B6T) lingered around the former Bluebird territory the rest of the winter. We have numerous observations of B6T during February, March, and April in the area. But more interestingly, is that she was not alone in most videos.
Indeed, B6T was traveling with an old grizzled looking male. As we examined and studied the male’s appearance, we kept thinking that he seemed to look familiar, as if we had seen him somewhere else before. We started sifting through footage and then it hit us.
This old grizzled male looked like the breeding male of the Clearcut Pack. We then started reviewing footage of Clearcut and confirmed it was indeed the breeding male based on a clear scar on the wolf’s left eye and a distinctive black splotch on his right cheek (see pics).
But what was this male, who already had a mate and pack, doing with this young female? Or better yet, what was this female doing with a male who likely helped kill her parents just a short while ago?
Ultimately, we don’t know.
We had many videos of Clearcut this winter and B6T was not in them. Yet, she seems to be staying in the Clearcut territory as if she were a pack member. Maybe she has actually become a member recently, or perhaps the pack tolerates her given her relationship w/ the breeding male?
We captured a video in late February at night where we are pretty sure the Clearcut breeding male mounted B6T but she shirked his advances.
This observation suggests that the male might have been acting a bit promiscuous and hoping to have a mistress (the male mated with the breeding female of the Clearcut Pack, who gave birth this spring).
Of course, trail camera footage provides brief snippets of insight into the social happenings of wolves. And so we have to try and take these tiny, little puzzle pieces and somehow arrange them in an attempt to make sense of the larger picture.
In the end, we don’t know why B6T is lingering around, what her relationship is with the Clearcut wolves, or if she will continue to stay in the territory. But at least figured out who B6T is, where she came from, and what she has been doing since her parents were killed.
And we suspect we will continue to unravel things as we continue following B6T and the Clearcut Pack.
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After we pulled the putrid carcass of the female wolf out of the Laphroaig Pack den (see yesterday’s post), we crawled back in to look for any pups hunkered down in the back of the den.
We saw nothing so we looked at the footage recorded by the 2 trail cameras we had deployed the first time we visited the den 8 days earlier.
The footage showed two pups coming in and out of the den for a few days after we first visited but one pup was clearly substantially smaller than the other.
These photos are a bit graphic but they illustrate the difference in appearance of deer that have and haven’t been killed by wolves. Wolves definitely consumed the carcasses of all the deer in the photos but they did not kill all of them.
Our hope in showing these photos is to help folks hone their natural history skills and recognize the difference for when they come across something similar in the woods.
Often when folks find a dead deer with wolf tracks around it, they automatically conclude it is a wolf kill. And often times it is. But every winter, we see numerous photos on various social media groups/pages of folks who say they found a wolf- killed deer when it wasn’t.
We just published a new study that found that every major way humans have altered the landscape—logging, road and trail creation, and infrastructure development—have substantially altered the relationship between wolves and deer.
More specifically, we found that humans have fundamentally reshaped where wolves hunt and kill deer fawns (read the study for free at the link at end of thread).
The premise is really quite simple: human activities change where deer are on the landscape, and wolves go where the deer are.
This camera was in the woods for almost 2 years (2021-2023)...this is the "highlight reel"! We got footage of virtually every large carnivore in northern Minnesota aside from the “black cougar” that some locals claimed to have seen and the famed but elusive ’squatch.
And by large carnivore we mean anything the size of a pine marten or bigger. Unfortunately, we did not get footage of otters which are only large carnivore missing. But we did get lynx, a badger(!), bobcats, wolves, a red fox, coyotes, martens, fishers, a skunk, and black bears!
The video is also a great comparison between the size difference of wolves and coyotes at different points in the year. Basically, while the wolves we study are generally on the smaller size (55-67 lbs on average), they are still much larger than coyotes.
Turns out, having 99.99% of a cattle ranch fenced in is not sufficient to keep wolves out. The last 0.01% is absolutely critical…you can see why in this video.
For background: In 2021 and 2022, our project, the rancher and his family, and USDA Wildlife Services worked together to install a 7.5 mile “wolf-proof” fence around a cattle ranch in our study area.
But this is no ordinary cattle ranch. It is a 1,500 acre ranch in the woods where wolves have killed cattle virtually every year for many many years—and in return, wolves have been lethally removed virtually every year because of the troubles they have caused.
If you wanna know what wolves 'fishing” looks like from GPS-collar data, check out these maps from late May when we had 5 wolves from 3 different packs—3 Windsong Pack wolves, 1 Lightfoot wolf, and 1 Paradise wolf—all fishing at the same river for several days.
You can hardly see the river in the maps b/c of all the GPS-locations. When wolves start fishing, they really seem to go at it and they do little else during that time, which likely allows them to capitalize on an abundant source of food that is only available for a few weeks.
But this naturally brings up the question: where do wolves choose to “fish” along rivers or creeks? Our recently-published paper on wolf fishing behavior (link below) dug into this in detail.