In 1981 a cargo ship, the MV Primrose, ran aground just off the coast of North Sentinel island. The crew, mostly Hong-Kongers, did not expect conflict - but they soon saw men arming themselves and their canoes on the nearest beach.
The crew urgently requested an airdrop of firearms, feeling desperately vulnerable that the tribesmen would soon board their ship.
The monsoon winds and the primitiveness of the Sentinelese weaponry worked in the crew's favour, but the situation could change quickly. They armed themselves with whatever they could find - pipes, flare guns, axes - and prepared for the worst.
Captain Robert Fore, flying a civilian helicopter to help the Indian navy, was able to organise the evacuation of the crew, the sound of the blades forcing the Sentinelese back into the forest.
To encounter such a violent, xenophobic tribe must have been a surreal experience, more akin to several hundred years prior as Cook explored the Pacific.
The Sentinelese have always been preoccupied with gathering scrap metal for arrowheads, and the Primrose provided rich pickings. Govt contractors salvaging the wreck had to placate the relentless canoes of men with fruit and metal.
There are many accounts of interactions with the Sentinelese, most usually ending in a hail of arrows. My favourite might be the tour of the exiled king of Belgium, who was immensely happy to be threatened by a tribal archer.
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In 1996 rumours were swirling around the Brazilian state of Rondônia - a wild man was living in the jungle, alone. Govt tribal officials went to investigate, eventually tracking him down.
The story of the Man-of-the-Hole:
The Brazilian Amazon has long been under threat from illegal logging and mining, much of which is in conflict with the tribes who live on the land.
Sometime during the 1970's some such loggers or ranchers attacked the Akuntsu and Kanoé tribes, attempting to clear them off the land. They likely attacked another group at the same time, a people whose name is unknown to us.
A thread concerning humanity's greatest invention - a long stick with a sharp bit on the end.
Sharp sticks are not unique to humans of course, the most rudimentary and ad hoc spears are made by chimps. See how the stick is used to skewer a bush baby.
The existence of the tipped stick in deep time has long been frustrated by the poor preservation of wood, therefore we must infer that spearheads began around 500,000 years ago.
Continuing on the theme of archaeological fakes and forgeries, here's just a flavour of what's going on out there:
Repatriating artefacts is a hot topic atm, returning 'stolen' objects back to their countries of origin. It can get a little awkward when it turns out this precious national heritage is fake.
Even worse when your dedicated archaeological team completely missed the obvious forgeries in their zeal to secure the goods.
A thread of excerpts from Daniel Everett's book 'Don't Sleep, There Are Snakes' about his time with the Amazonian Pirahãs.
I don't think there's another people quite as unusual as the Pirahã, and it's not just their famous language:
Everett is confused why the Pirahã are insisting an angry spirit is shouting at them from the beach, clearly there is no one there.
He learns that they don't sleep for more than a few short bursts at a time, believing minimal sleep hardens a person, and keeps them safe from snakes and predators.
Today we're thinking about archaeological forgeries, fakes and hoaxes. Some do it for the money, to prove their theory correct or to boost their reputation, for others it seems compulsive.
Let's look at some of the most infamous forgers of the last few hundred years:
1. Brigido Lara.
In 1974 Mexican police arrested a group of antique smugglers, one of them made an unusual defence plea. Claiming that he couldn't be a smuggler, since all his work was a forgery, Brigido Lara was about to make history.
His pottery was declared by an expert to be genuine and he went to prison, there he requested clay and made a prehistoric Mesoamerican replica, which was authenticated as genuine by the same expert. He was freed in 1975.
'Why is Chinese civilisation more like the Mayan than Mesopotamian?" - some thoughts on the development of Chinese culture over time from the archaeologist K.C Chang.
The earliest civilisations were characterised by the presence of cereal agriculture, social hierarchies, metallurgy, writing or proto writing, centralised authority, urbanisation and palatial structures. However, under the surface of these many differences become apparent.
Unlike other civilisations, the Chinese trajectory kept an unusually intense focus on ritual and politics, rather than economics. Some examples include - the restriction of metals to ceremonial vessels, weapons etc rather than as sickles or farming tools