Pic 1: Jadunath Sarkar's book "Military History of India" describing the battle of Balapur, where the Nizam defeated an army from Delhi w. a Maratha contingent. Claims the Maratha troops avoided battle and looted the camp.
Pic2: Actual letter from the Nizam describing the battle- left wing was Marathas, which made a flank attack on his right but repulsed. Camp/baggage was untouched.
Sarkar regularly mixes his own imagination with known facts, and if the result is completely different, he doesnt care.
Not the only instance, there are dozens of battles, army counts, state revenues, are completely different from what he has claimed.
to make it worse, Sarkar gives it a racist and technological angle, lol. Claims Central Asian bows and modernized artillery played a role.
In the Nizam's letter above, artillery is mentioned as barely used, let alone being decisive.
Pic1: Sarkar's claims about Bajirao's army. Light cavalry with no artillery or guns. Just swords and bows/arrows.
Pic2: Inventory of Bajirao's army. 12,000 mounted musketeers, 16 siege cannons, 700 zamburaks, 2000 artillerymen, lots of smaller artillery.
Pic1: Sarkar's tally of Nadir Shah's loot in 1739. Claims 70 crore. (70m pounds then)
Pic2: Nadir Shah's own biographer puts the total value of loot at 9mil pounds (9cr) of which 2cr is sentimental value of Mughal throne.
Sarkar inflated a sycophant's exaggerated number 800%
Pic1: Sarkar says first use of binoculars on the battlefield in 1764.
pic2: My translation of Peshwe Daftar Vol3, admiral Angre sent binoculars to Bajirao for surveying siege in 1733.
The Peshwe Daftar was published before Jadunath's book.
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" did not run a state, justice, settle land records or defend"
Really funny because the most extensive documentation of running a state- settled land revenue+judiciary comes from Marathi records. 9 Volumes of Peshwe Diaries. Even have detailed maps.
They even had an independent chief justice (nyayadish) who convicted the sitting prime minister RAghunathrao of murder of the previous, and pronounced a death sentence.
They saved Safdarjung from the Rohillas in 1751, Wodeyars from their diwan 1757, Shahalam2 from Ghulam kadir
A thread on why the Mughal invasion of the Deccan that began in full force in 1681-1707 took a quarter century and still failed. 🧵
In 1677, Mughals captured Kalaburagi, which was midway between the 2 Deccan sultanate capitals- Vijayapura and Golconda. Neither had any defensible line of forts left.
In contrast, the Maratha capital Satara was behind multiple chains of forts
The Sahyadri mountain range protected Swarajya, and only 2 routes existed to march a large army.
Since the southern route ran through Adilshahis, it was blocked. From 1681-84 Mughal forces in the north could be repulsed by Marathas who had to defend only 1 front.
Dalrymple's Anarchy has so many false claims I don't know if anyone involved in publishing even did a google search for most of the claims.
The real anarchy is the extent of factual accuracy in the book.
Few examples
Haider was never sultan. His position was Dalvai or army chief. Tipu was the first and last sultan.
Regardless, Shivaji is described as "war leader" despite a coronation as king.
Aurangzeb's campaign in the Deccan was apparently against the Deccan sultans PRIMARILY and totally not against the Marathas who had granted asylum to his rebel son.
Most states in the Indian subcontinent ended the same way they began.
Mauryas: Rebellion against Nandas engineered by Chanakya. Ended by their minister, Pushyamitra Shunga rebelling.
Shungas: Came to power with coup, ended by a coup by their ministers, Kanvas.
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Delhi sultanate: turkic soldiers from central asia defeat the ruler of delhi to found it. Ended by another turkic state (Babur) from NW who took Delhi, ending it.
Bahamanis: Broke away from Delhi. Ended by provincial governors breaking away.
2
Vijaynagara: Rebellion against overlord. Ended with Nayakas of Gingee, Madurai, Tanjore breaking away.
On 16 March 1527 was a very interesting battle in Indian history. Battle of Khanwa (Rajasthan), between Rana Sanga and Babur.
Babur won but it was quite close. Short 🧵 on the campaign and battle-
In April 1526, Babur won at the 1st battle of Panipat, defeating Ibrahim Lodi and capturing Delhi and then Agra.
While these armies fought, Rana Sanga was intervening in the Gujarat sultanate in a civil war. By the time it ended, Babur had taken Delhi.
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This triggered a race between Rana Sanga and Babur to seize the remains of the sultanate. Babur's army was at Agra, and the Rana's in Mewar. Between both was the fort of Bayana. Strategically key for campaigns in either direction. Mewar's army got there 1st.
Meat consumption- which takes far more water than veggies, is far lower, healthy balance, wont rise to US/EU per capita level. So no water shortage. Artificial meat will lessen the resource drain even sooner.
2
#2 energy, homes, sanitation, digitalization
electricity coverage is ~100% now, jan dhan and digitalization pushed it. The exponential growth S curve is done. Same for electricity. Load shedding down. Renewable capacity has gone up 5x in 5-6 years. Growing @ same pace