Thread by @VertigoWarrior

The Cholas - An Extraordinary Empire

One of the greatest & longest ruling dynasties the world has ever seen, the Chola Empire was truly legendary.

Let us explore further via this thread (1/20)

𝐒𝐩𝐚𝐧

While details on early Cholas are hazy, the earliest references to the Cholas goes all the way back to ~300 B.C. The Cholas continued to rule till the latter half of the 13th century marking a rule of over 1500 years.! (2/20)

𝐆𝐨𝐥𝐝𝐞𝐧 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐝

The Cholas were around centuries prior to becoming dominant pan India.

Traditionally, based around the Kaveri River Valley, they governed a significantly larger area at the height of their power from the late 9th cen to the early 13th cen C.E (3/20)

During their zenith between the 10th - 12th centuries, Cholas exponentially expanded their influence.

Under the great Rajaraja Chola I & his illustrious son Rajendra Chola, the Empire became a dominant military, economic and cultural power across Asia. (4/20)

𝐄𝐦𝐩𝐢𝐫𝐞

The Chola sphere of influence extended from the islands of Maldives in South all the way to Godavari valley. Rajaraja Chola annexed major parts of Sri Lanka and Maldives while his son reached annexed parts of North that touched river Ganga. (5/20)

Rajendra Chola extended the Chola empire towards the north, through Kalinga to Bengal.

He was consequently called “Gangaikonda”(the one who conquered Ganga). Contrary to land only empires, the Chola Empire is unique in that it was also a strong naval empire. (6/20)

𝐀𝐫𝐦𝐲

The Chola Army comprised of infantry, cavalry & elephants. It became organized & powerful under Rajaraja Chola. At it`s peak, accounts put the strength at 1.8 mil soldiers, 80000 cavalry, 60000 war elephants making it one of the most powerful armies in the world (7/20)

𝐍𝐚𝐯𝐲

The Cholas commanded a highly effective naval fleet. RajaRaja Chola emphasized on the need of strong navy & was one of the earliest exponents of naval warfare. At its peak Chola fleet consisted of a fleet of over 1000 ships, likely the largest in the world. (8/20)

𝐂𝐡𝐨𝐥𝐚 𝐓𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐬

Between the 10th-12th cen C.E, the Cholas built over 300 stone temples including great living Chola Temples. Brihadeshwara Temple, Thanjavur is the pinnacle of Chola architecture & is one of the greatest structures ever created in world history (9/20)

𝗔𝗱𝗺𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻

The Cholas had a well defined administration system with the emperor acting as the pivot. Central administration was run through officers called Peruntarams. The kingdom was divided into provinces, which were under the charge of Viceroys. (10/20)

The provinces were subdivided into divisions (kottams or vetlanadu), & further divisions continued upto the village level. Apart from these there were vassal states which accepted the suzerainty of the Cholas through tributes & provided military help at the time of need. (11/20)

𝐑𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐞 & 𝐓𝐚𝐱 𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐬

The kingdom derived its income majorly through land revenue. Based on surveys & audits lands were classified into taxable and non taxable. Around 1/6th of the land produce was collected as tax either through coins or through kind. (12/20)

Additional sources of income included customs, tolls & taxes on mine, port, forest & salt. Professional & property taxes were also levied. The major expenses were on royal household, army & construction of temples, roads, irrigation channels, & public utility works (13/20)

𝐈𝐧𝐟𝐫𝐚𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞

Cholas were masters at water harvesting & undertook massive irrigation projects. Dams were built as early as 2nd century C.E. at the time of Karikala Chola. Rajendra Chola even dug up an artificial lake which immensely helped poor peasants (14/20)

The Cholas also developed “Grand Trunk Roads” which served as the backbone for commerce and facilitated rapid mobilization of the army during military activities. Cholas setup entire cities and adorned them with beautiful temples and magnificent palaces. (15/20)

𝐑𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐟𝐬

The Cholas were ardent devotees of Bhagwan Shiv but tolerant of other faiths as well. Rajaraja Chola was a Shaivaite but built several temples in reverence to Bhagwan Vishnu. Buddhist & Jain monuments were also provided endowments (16/20)

𝐄𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

The Cholas patronized education & established great centers of learning to support Sanskrit education. Vedas, Mathematics, Medicine, Grammar, Religion & philosophy were amongst several subjects taught in the colleges established by the Chola Empire (17/20)

𝐃𝐞𝐜𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞

Unfortunately, the Cholas rulers in 12th cen & later were not a patch on their predecessors & rapidly lost control over the empire. The decline in Chola empire coincided with the resurgence of the Pandyas. Internal turmoils further aggravated the situation (18/n)

Towards the end of Rajendra III`s reign, the once impregnable Thanjavur stronghold was eventually overrun. The Cholas were eventually overshadowed by the Pandyas thus bring an end to what was arguably one of the greatest and longest running dynasties in world history. (19/20)

To call our history books biased is an understatement. The illustrious Cholas have never got their due in our history books. They created & developed infrastructure, system of governance and left behind an unparalleled heritage. It is time we recognize their greatness (20/20)