In 1610, Galileo pointed his telescope toward Jupiter, and found four bodies orbiting the planet, Galilean moons. The Galilean moons are the four largest moons of Jupiter. These moons are also as mysterious as the planet Jupiter itself.
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Europa's surface is mostly water ice, and the icy crust is believed to hide a subsurface ocean of liquid water. Europa is thought to have twice water as Earth. Europa is one of the places that catch scientists' attention because of the potential for hosting life
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Io is the most volcanically active body in the solar system. As it's the inner most moon of Jupiter, immense gravity
causes tides in Ioβs surface 100 meters high, give rise to the volcanic activity. Its
surface is covered by sulfur and lava in many colorful forms.
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Callisto has an icy surface covered by craters of various shapes and sizes. Scientists think the bright areas are ice and the darker patches are areas where the ice has eroded. Callisto is a dead moon and craters on moon are believed to be million years old.
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Ganymede is the largest moon in the solar system even larger than the planet Mercury and the dwarf planet pluto, and is the only moon known to have its own internally generated magnetic field and atmospheric auroras.
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After discovery of Galilean Moons Titan was the first moon to discover. It's largest Saturn moon and second largest satellite in Solar System. Titan has clouds, rain, rivers, lakes and seas of liquid hydrocarbons like methane and ethane.
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Seismic waves are energy waves generated by earthquakes or other geological processes that travel through the Earth's layers. They can be categorized into two types: Body waves and Surface waves based on their mode of propagation.
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Type of seismic waves that travel through the Earth's interior layers. They are faster than surface waves and are the first to be detected by seismographs after an earthquake occurs. Body waves can be further divided into two types: P waves and S waves.
P waves, or Primary Waves, are the fastest of all seismic waves and the first wave to arrive. P waves are compressional waves, meaning they propagate like sound waves through compression and dilation in the medium.
A Neutron Star is the smallest and densest star ever known, composed mainly of neutrons. Its size ranges from 10 km to 20 km. It was theorized in 1934, just two years after the discovery of the neutron particle, and discovered in 1967.
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A neutron star forms when a massive star with a mass of 8 to 20 solar masses runs out of fuel. When a star exhaust its fuel and can no longer generate energy through nuclear fusion, its core fails to produce enough pressure to counteract gravitational forces.
The star begins to contract under its own gravity. For massive stars, it is intense enough to fuse electrons and protons together, resulting in the formation of neutrons. This process leaves behind a dense star composed almost entirely of neutrons, which we call a "Neutron Star."
General Relativity is Einstein's theory of gravitation published in 1915, ten years after Special Relativity. It is essentially a theory about space, time and gravity, it also deals with phenomena in intense gravitational fields.
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Albert Einstein concluded that space and time are not two different things but one. Space includes three dimensions: length, breadth, and height. The universe is not three-dimensional; there's a fourth dimension too, which is time.
A dimension is like a direction you can move in. Just as we can move in space (i.e., back and forth, left and right, up and down), we can move in time too. Surprisingly, we can move into the future but can't go back to the past.
ICUBE-Q is a Pakistani CubeSat launched on May 3, 2024 by China. A CubeSat is a type of satellite with a cubic shape and a size of 10 cm or more. The Q here stands for Qamar, which is an Arabic word for Moon.
The Chang'e 6 mission is a Chinese lunar mission that will carry ICUBE-Q with it. It's the sixth lunar mission of China aimed at exploring the moon. Chang'e is the name of the Chinese goddess of the moon. The Chang'e program consist of four phases:
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The first phase is to reach lunar orbit to explore the visible area of the moon and create a 3D map of the lunar surface. This was achieved by Chang'e 1 in 2007 and Chang'e 2 in 2010.
Everything has a beginning and an end. The Big Bang was the beginning of the universe, but how will it end? Based on long-term research and evidence collected by various sources, scientists have proposed several theories.
The universe came into existence from a point called singularity, as it started to expand and this expansion is still continue. In the beginning of the 20th century, Edwin Hubble found the first evidence of an expanding universe, leading to the acceptance of the Big Bang theory.
But why does it expand? It should contract due to gravitational force. The reason is unknown; scientists call it dark energy, which expands the universe. Dark energy plays an important role in understanding the fate of the universe.
Everything in the universe is made up of particles; some have mass and some don't. But what causes some particles to have mass while others do not? The Higgs Boson, or God particle, is responsible for the mass of matter.
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The Higgs boson was theorized in 1960 by Peter Higgs and five other scientists as a particle responsible for the mass of matter. While it was not discovered until 2012, the Higgs boson was first experienced practically at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).
It is the largest particle accelerator in the world, consisting of a 27km-long ring. The LHC is basically used to collide hadrons (particles made up of quarks). It accelerates particles at very high speeds using powerful magnets.