Atif Mian Profile picture
Feb 11, 2024 9 tweets 2 min read Read on X
A🧵on what Feb 8 elections mean for Pakistan

Pakistan’s economy has consistently fallen behind globally – last year was one of the worse, with the economy actually contracting

Every macro fundamental is flashing red: inflation, growth, debt, investment, to name a few
1/n
The federal gov has no money

It cannot even afford to pay the salary of a peon or a soldier without borrowing

The entire tax revenue is consumed after paying provinces their share, pensions to retirees, and interest on debt
2/n
Inflation cannot be controlled when the entire government is run on deficit

Growth is impossible when government has no money to invest in the future

And lack of growth makes every problem worse.

The country is bankrupt. It is sinking deeper every year
3/n
I have never seen such despondency

So many wanting to leave, established firms no longer comfortable investing

Yet no leader has a viable economic plan for the future
4/n
The shady establishment that calls shots from behind is especially clueless

SIFC? ... Really?

You expect foreigners to believe in the country when your own people are losing all hope?
5/n
It is in this backdrop that Feb 8 elections were held

People are mad – and they have every right to be. 442,353 children died in Pakistan just last year due to poverty

that is almost half a million dead kids EVERY YEAR
6/n
But the establishment was busy playing its usual games –

put this one in jail, and that one in parliament this time –

keep the system just unstable enough so we stay relevant –

our children be damned
7/n
They obviously sensed the people’s anger, so every action to rig the elections was taken –

except it only made the public madder

So here we are post Feb 8 – the distance between the ruler and the ruled has never been wider

Do they understand how dangerous that is?
8/n
There is an attempt – once again – to cobble together a compromised group

No one has a plan to fix the economy

But even if they magically did somehow, they cannot do anything

because they have lost all trust with their people

they are foreigners in their own land
/end

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More from @AtifRMian

Aug 22, 2023
Are high interest rates likely to be more permanent?

The answer is often framed in terms of r*, the natural rate of interest

r* is the interest rate that balances supply and demand for loans, once near-term issues facing the economy, such as covid, have played out
(1/n)
If r* has inched up since the pandemic, then the new normal might have higher rates going forward

There's always great interest in what r* might be - e.g. markets keenly looking for clues from the upcoming Jackson Hole meeting
(2/n)
reuters.com/markets/rates-…
But can we measure r* in a statistically reliably way for making statements about the future?

Unfortunately not so far

There's been some terrific work and NY Fed publishes a real-time r* estimate

But these estimates are not reliable for two main reasons
(3/n)
Read 10 tweets
May 24, 2023
A 🧵comparing Ghana, Sri Lanka and Pakistan, and what it teaches us about dealing with crises ...

Ghana and Sri Lanka formally defaulted during the last two years, Pakistan did not

but currency devalued by 1/2 for both Pakistan and Ghana, and 1/3rd for Sri Lanka
So Pak currency has devalued significantly more than SL's

More importantly, let's compare Pakistan's trajectory with that of SL and Ghana after they default ...

here is SL, the red arrow starts post-default Image
And here is Ghana

Notice how both Ghana and SL currencies have stabilized post-default as they entered restructuring programs Image
Read 8 tweets
Apr 5, 2023
A dive into recent data suggests that Pakistan's economy is going off the rails

First, exports ... there was a global surge in exports post-covid, but around 2nd quarter 2022, Pak exports drop off relative to India and Bang - the gap is now over 20%
1/ Image
This happened despite the large currency devaluation and all "efforts" to boost exports given the severe balance of payment issue

What's going on? The export drop likely reflects serious supply-side disruptions in the economy
2/
Most notably the inability to get into an IMF agreement due to extreme gov mismanagement

I've spoken in the past about PTI's role in bringing the country to this situation


But what the PDM gov has done is on another level
3/
Read 12 tweets
Apr 4, 2023
Pakistan's economy is in a tailspin, going from crisis to catastrophe

The system is coming unhinged

We can see this in the increasing stagflationary forces: growth is rapidly falling, and prices are rapidly rising
🧵
These are very worrying signs

In effect, inflation is not only being fueled by large deficits and money printing, but foolish policy choices that have seriously impacted the productive capacity of the economy
I gave one example of poor policy choice back in January, and explained how it might lead to a contraction in the economy ... more recent data suggests that has indeed happened
Read 5 tweets
Mar 11, 2023
SVB collapsed because of their exposure to interest rate risk

A 🧵 on interest rate risk at the macro level - which deserves more attention in my view
1/
Interest rate risk refers to, (a) potential change in interest expense obligations, and (b) potential change in valuation, due to change in interest rates

This risk is now the highest it has ever been in recent history (if not ever) - Why?

because of the two graphs below
2/ ImageImage
The right graph shows that total debt to GDP is the highest it has ever been- it has more than doubled, currently well north of 250% of GDP

The left graph shows the large n steady decline in interest rates since 1980s- a fall of about 10 %age points to near zero till recently
3/
Read 12 tweets
Jan 19, 2023
A 🧵on accounting vs economics when it comes to balance of payment crises

There's a temptation to look at financing or current account deficits and say, "we are short X billion dollars, let's bridge that gap through administrative actions by curtailing imports"
Tempting as this might be, it's a foolish policy that results in even greater disaster

When you try to cut imports through administrative restrictions, you essentially open multiple auction markets where some bureaucrat decides what is "essential" and what is not
It is a recipe for corruption and for gatekeepers to get rich quick

But let's leave that aside, the greater cost is economic

A restriction on imports, even with the most pious of bureaucrats, will inevitably strike at the heart of "production networks"
Read 11 tweets

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