Everything in the universe is made up of particles; some have mass and some don't. But what causes some particles to have mass while others do not? The Higgs Boson, or God particle, is responsible for the mass of matter.
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The Higgs boson was theorized in 1960 by Peter Higgs and five other scientists as a particle responsible for the mass of matter. While it was not discovered until 2012, the Higgs boson was first experienced practically at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).
It is the largest particle accelerator in the world, consisting of a 27km-long ring. The LHC is basically used to collide hadrons (particles made up of quarks). It accelerates particles at very high speeds using powerful magnets.
On 4th July 2012 scientists fired protons into the collider traveling in opposite directions. Magnets accelerated the protons to 99.9999991% of the speed of light. Protons are made up of three quarks. Quarks inside protons collide with enough energy to create the suspected Higgs.
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Particles gain mass by interacting with the Higgs field; they do not have mass of their own. The stronger a particle interacts with the Higgs field, the more mass it gains. For example, photons do not interact with this field and therefore have no mass.
The Higgs field is like a sea through which particles move. When particles interact with this field they experience resistance, slowing them down and giving them energy, which behaves as mass, according to Einstein's equation E = mcยฒ.
The Higgs Boson was discovered by Peter Higgs. It is a boson, means it obeys Bose-Einstein Statistics, where two particles can occupy the same quantum state, unlike fermions, which obey Fermi-Dirac Statistics and the Pauli exclusion principle.
The nickname โGod particleโ originated from the title of the book โThe God Particle: If the Universe is the Answer, What is the Question?โ by physicist Leon Lederman. The Higgs gained this nickname because it was believed to be the last piece of the standard model of particles.
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The Higgs particle gives mass to other particles, but surprisingly, it also has its own mass because it interacts with its own field. With a mass 130 times that of the proton, the Higgs boson is the second-heaviest particle known today after the top quark.
The Higgs Boson is a highly unstable particle with a lifetime of 10-ยฒยฒ seconds, meaning that the particle cannot be found in nature. It can decay into various combinations of particles. The Higgs boson is a chargeless particle and is its own antiparticle.
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The Big Bang theory is the widely accepted theory, explains the beginning of the universe. It was proposed in 1931, and the term 'Big Bang' was coined in 1949. It seems like there was an explosion from name, but actually, the Big Bang is a misnomer.
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The Big Bang theory suggest that the universe began from Singularity, point of infinite density and temp. Then a rapid expansion started and the temperature started to fall. This expansion is still continuing and everything in the universe is moving apart
According to Big Bang theory time began with the Big Bang. And before the Big Bang there was no time mean there was no before. While the string theory suggest the possibility of the existence of time even before Big Bang so it's still a mystery
Before Einstein's theory dimensions were believed to be only three, collectively referred to as space. Today we are aware of a fourth dimension too, time. But what is a dimension? A dimension is like a direction you can move in.
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Time, as a dimension, varies under different conditions, one of the conditions is explained in special relativity. The faster you move through space, the slower you move through time, or in other words, objects in motion experience time dilation based on their speed.
Similarly, length also behaves differently under certain conditions. As an object travels at high speed, its length appears to contract for the observer at rest. However, from the perspective of object itself, its length remains unchanged.
In 1905, Einstein published his theory of special relativity. It applies to special cases when discussing huge energies, ultra-fast speeds, etc. It explains the strange behavior of time. However, the story doesn't begin here.
Before Einstein, astronomers understood the universe in terms of three laws of motion presented by Newton in the 17th century. Even before Newton, in the mid-17th century, Galileo proposed his theory on motion, known as Galilean Relativity.
According to Galileo, motion is relative, meaning you can't tell if you are in motion or at rest unless you are accelerating. Suppose you are traveling on a train: someone outside sees you moving, but inside, everything seems normal, even the surroundings appear to be moving.
As protons present in the nucleus repel each other with an electromagnetic force, there is another force to overcome this repulsion, strong nuclear force. However this force has limited range and can't act over long distance.
The stability of atomic nuclei is influenced by the balance between the strong nuclear force and electrostatic repulsion. For heavy elements, as the size of nuclei increases, they become less stable, as the strong force has a limited range.
Radioactive decay is the process by which an unstable nucleus loses energy in the form of radiation and becomes stable by reducing its mass as it emits radiation. There are several types of decay; we'll discuss some of them today.
In 1610, Galileo pointed his telescope toward Jupiter, and found four bodies orbiting the planet, Galilean moons. The Galilean moons are the four largest moons of Jupiter. These moons are also as mysterious as the planet Jupiter itself.
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Europa's surface is mostly water ice, and the icy crust is believed to hide a subsurface ocean of liquid water. Europa is thought to have twice water as Earth. Europa is one of the places that catch scientists' attention because of the potential for hosting life
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Io is the most volcanically active body in the solar system. As it's the inner most moon of Jupiter, immense gravity
causes tides in Ioโs surface 100 meters high, give rise to the volcanic activity. Its
surface is covered by sulfur and lava in many colorful forms.
All of the planets in our solar system orbit around the Sun. Planets that orbit around other stars are called exoplanets. As of present, there are more than five thousand confirmed exoplanets in more than 4 thousand planetary systems.
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Discovered in 2011, it is the ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ever known. The planet's atmosphere reflects less than 1% of the light that falls on it. It is a gas giant located about 750 light years away from us with a radius approximately 1.2 times that of Jupiter.
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Known as the ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐, it orbits a sun-like star and was discovered in 2013. Its atmosphere contains methane giving it a pinkish hue that sets it apart. GJ-504b is roughly 160 million years old and has a mass about four times of Jupiter.