I have repeatedly pointed out that the modern Russian military industry has little continuity with the Soviet one. Destroyed in the 1990s, it was effectively created anew in the Putin's era. Still, it may sound too abstract, so I will zoom in on one specific example:
Stankomash
Located in Chelyabink, Stankomash industrial park hosts major producers for the nuclear, shipbuilding, oil & gas and energy industries. It also produces weaponry, including mine trawls and artillery ammunition (based on the open sources)
All under the umbrella of Konar company
Some examples of the Stankomash manufacture. These photos well illustrate the philosophy of Soviet/Russian dual use industry. In the peace time, you focus primarily on civilian products, in the war time you convert it all to the production of weaponry.
Now the neat part is. The dual use purpose of this plant remains pronouncedly Soviet. But the plant itself is not Soviet. It's Russian. It's all created anew. Having exactly 0% continuity with the old plant build by Joseph Stalin, new plant was 100% built anew by Vladimir Putin.
The old, original Stankomash was launched in 1935. Officially framed as a machine tool producer, it was of course a dual use facility that played major role in the WWII as the manufacturer of tanks & artillery ammo.
Dual Use = Civilian -> Military (when the necessity arises)
In the post-war era, the Stankomash plant grew as a producer of broad range of manufacturing, ranging from the construction steel frames to meteorological rockets. The 50-th anniversary of Stankomash celebrated in 1985 would be long remembered as the apogee of this plant.
With the fall of the USSR in 1991, Soviet manufacturing sector collapsed and the Stankomash collapsed as well. It quickly degraded losing its production base, workforce, technology. By the early 2010s, the old Soviet plant did not exist anymore. It was a bunch of ruins.
In 2014, the ruins of Stankomash were acquired by a quasi private (assume it's all government money) Konar group for around 3 million USD. Between 2015 and 2020 Konar reconstructed the Stankomash, effectively creating it anew, from zero.
How Stankomash looked in 2017 vs now
Question: Ok, but how do you even "revive" a manufacturing plant from this point? You did not just lose the machines. You have lost the workforce, skills, technology. All you have is a concrete frame of questionable quality.
Answer: You hire someone else to do it *all* for you.
As Russia lost the knowledge necessary for operating, let alone recreating old Soviet production chains, it necessarily had to commission someone knew how to do it. So, the new Putin's Stankomash was build as a set of turnkey projects by the Western (primarily Italian) companies
Let's have a look at who built the specific production facilities of Stankomash:
“BVK” Foundry - Gruppo Cividale S.p.A. (Italy)
“Konar - Cimolai” - Cimolai S.p.A. (Italy)
“Transneft Oil Pumps” - Pompe S.p.A. (Italy)
“Kornet” - Nickelage line provided by Kanigen (Japan)
Konar-Orion - Orion S.p.A. (Шефдн)
Russian Electric Engines - Nidec ASI S.P.A. (Italy, Japan)
NB: It's all framed as the "Joint Ventures" between Konar and the respective Italian companies. In reality, JV = turnkey project fully done by Italians from the beginning to the end
See the Konar Group website with the list of Joint Ventures residing at Stankomash. Most of them are openly called the "turnkey projects" (под ключ), fully conducted by the respective Italian producers. Russia basically buy the entire plant + technology + know hows for money.
The list of Stankomash’s key technological partners.
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Notice, it's all Europe + a bit of Japan, but mostly just Italy. That's who created Stankomash, for the most part.
Now let's have a look at who provided machinery (as opposed to the ready solutions). For the most part, it's all Europe, with only a minor inclusion of Japan.
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Now let's have a look onto the factory floor. Heavy, foundry & forging equipment seems to be all Italian. Makes perfect sense, as Italians have basically built it all, provided skills and technology.
Danieli Foundry Line 🇮🇹
Vecchiato Forging Workshop 🇮🇹
Once again, it's not about "buying a machine". It's about buying the entire solution + technology, from the beginning to the end. Zoom in, onto the Vecchiato workshop.
Waldrich Coburg 🇩🇪 Speedram 🇮🇹 Toshulin 🇨🇿
Again, all Western Europe with only rare inclusions of Japan/Taiwan
With the start of this war, Stankomash has been refocused on military production. Not only does it produce weaponry (ammunition & mine trawls, based on the open sources). It also supports other military plants, conducting casting, forging, machining etc. operations for them.
So what does the Stankomash story tell us? First, it highlights how little continuity there is between Soviet and Russian military production. For the most part, Putin did not increase the military production capacities. He created them anew, after the fall and decline of 1990s.
Second, it shows that the restoration of Russian dual use sector amounted to a series of turnkey projects conducted by the Old Industrial Powers. In this particular case of Stankomash - Italy
NB: Italy is a global power in metallurgy and Stankomash is largely a metallurgy plant
Third. The brilliant absence of China. I could find only one example of what seems to be Chinese equipment - a Tongda TD-3700 X-Ray Diffractometer. That's it. Apparently, China has played zero or nearly zero role in creation of this plant.
It's all Europe + a bit of Japan.
POV: You are a power-hungry dictator. Whom will you hire to build you the heavy industry?
We do not know anything about the global economy. We do not understand how it is structured. When you really need the heavy industry (for war), you do not go to the Great Manufacturing Superpower of China. You go to the toy, funny, irrelevant countries of Europe.
In-credible
Now that is because those toy, irrelevant countries are, in fact, the Old Industrial Powers. And the Old Industrial Powers control the key, strategic industries that constitute the fabric of our industrial civilisation.
They produce the means of production, for everyone.
The end
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Yes, and that is super duper quadruper important to understand
Koreans are poor (don't have an empire) and, therefore, must do productive work to earn their living. So, if the Americans want to learn how to do anything productive they must learn it from Koreans etc
There is this stupid idea that the ultra high level of life and consumption in the United States has something to do with their productivity. That is of course a complete sham. An average American doesn't do anything useful or important to justify (or earn!) his kingly lifestyle
The kingly lifestyle of an average American is not based on his "productivity" (what a BS, lol) but on the global empire Americans are holding currently. Part of the imperial dynamics being, all the actually useful work, all the material production is getting outsourced abroad
Reading Tess of the d'Urbervilles. Set in southwest England, somewhere in the late 1800s. And the first thing you need to know is that Tess is bilingual. He speaks a local dialect she learnt at home, and the standard English she picked at school from a London-trained teacher
So, basically, "normal" language doesn't come out of nowhere. Under the normal conditions, people on the ground speak all the incomprehensible patois, wildly different from each other
"Regular", "correct" English is the creation of state
So, basically, the state chooses a standard (usually, based on one of the dialects), cleanses it a bit, and then shoves down everyone's throats via the standardized education
Purely artificial construct, of a super mega state that really appeared only by the late 1800s
There's a subtle point here that 99,999% of Western commentariat is missing. Like, totally blind to. And that point is:
Building a huuuuuuuuuuge dam (or steel plant, or whatever) has been EVERYONE's plan of development. Like absolutely every developing country, no exceptions
Almost everyone who tried to develop did it in a USSR-ish way, via prestige projects. Build a dam. A steel plant. A huge plant. And then an even bigger one
And then you run out of money, and it all goes bust and all you have is postapocalyptic ruins for the kids to play in
If China did not go bust, in a way like almost every development project from the USSR to South Asia did, that probably means that you guys are wrong about China. Like totally wrong
What you describe is not China but the USSR, and its copies & emulations elsewhere
What I am saying is that "capitalist reforms" are a buzzword devoid of any actual meaning, and a buzzword that obfuscated rather than explains. Specifically, it is fusing radically different policies taken under the radically different circumstances (and timing!) into one - purely for ideological purposes
It can be argued, for example, that starting from the 1980s, China has undertaken massive socialist reforms, specifically in infrastructure, and in basic (mother) industries, such as steel, petrochemical and chemical and, of course, power
The primary weakness of this argument is that being true, historically speaking, it is just false in the context of American politics where the “communism” label has been so over-used (and misapplied) that it lost all of its former power:
“We want X”
“No, that is communism”
“We want communism”
Basically, when you use a label like “communism” as a deus ex machina winning you every argument, you simultaneously re-define its meaning. And when you use it to beat off every popular socio economic demand (e.g. universal healthcare), you re-define communism as a synthesis of all the popular socio economic demands
Historical communism = forced industrial development in a poor, predominantly agrarian country, funded through expropriation of the peasantry
(With the most disastrous economic and humanitarian consequences)
Many are trying to explain his success with some accidental factors such as his “personal charisma”, Cuomo's weakness etc
Still, I think there may be some fundamental factors here. A longue durée shift, and a very profound one
1. Public outrage does not work anymore
If you look at Zohran, he is calm, constructive, and rarely raises his voice. I think one thing that Mamdani - but almost no one else in the American political space is getting - is that the public is getting tired of the outrage
Outrage, anger, righteous indignation have all been the primary drivers of American politics for quite a while
For a while, this tactics worked
Indeed, when everyone around is polite, and soft (and insincere), freaking out was a smart thing to do. It could help you get noticed