🧵 Money-lenders timeline:
A History of Central Banking and the Enslavement of Mankind
1.) First Jewish Migration to England
🔸The Jews first arrived in England in 1066 in the wake of William I’s defeat of King Harold II at Hastings on 14 October. These Jews came from Rouen, 75 miles (121 km) from Falaise in Normandy(reference map #2),where William the Conqueror was born illegitimately as William the Bastard. Although the historical record does not indicate whether they promoted the idea of a military invasion of England, these Jews had at the very least financed it. For this support they were richly rewarded by being allowed to practise usury under royal protection.
The consequences for the English people were disastrous. By charging rates of interest of 33% per annum on lands mortgaged by nobles and 300% per annum on tools of trade or chattels pledged by workmen, within two generations one quarter of all English lands were in the hands of Jewish money lenders. At his death in 1186, Aaron of Lincoln was declared to be the richest man in England and it was estimated that his wealth exceeded that of King Henry II. Furthermore the Jewish immigrants undermined the ethos of the guilds and exasperated the English merchants by selling a large variety of goods under one roof. They also played a prominent role in the clipping of silver coins and the melting of them into bullion and the plating of tin with silver.
The famous economist, Dr. William Cunningham, compares “the activity of the Jews in England from the eleventh century onward to a sponge, which sucked up all the wealth of the land and thereby hinders all economic development. Interesting too, is the proof that even at this early period the government did everything in its power to make the Jews take up decent trades and honest work and thereby at the same time amalgamate with the rest of the population, but all to no purpose.”
A History of Central Banking and the Enslavement of Mankind
1.) First Jewish Migration to England
🔸The Jews first arrived in England in 1066 in the wake of William I’s defeat of King Harold II at Hastings on 14 October. These Jews came from Rouen, 75 miles (121 km) from Falaise in Normandy(reference map #2),where William the Conqueror was born illegitimately as William the Bastard. Although the historical record does not indicate whether they promoted the idea of a military invasion of England, these Jews had at the very least financed it. For this support they were richly rewarded by being allowed to practise usury under royal protection.
The consequences for the English people were disastrous. By charging rates of interest of 33% per annum on lands mortgaged by nobles and 300% per annum on tools of trade or chattels pledged by workmen, within two generations one quarter of all English lands were in the hands of Jewish money lenders. At his death in 1186, Aaron of Lincoln was declared to be the richest man in England and it was estimated that his wealth exceeded that of King Henry II. Furthermore the Jewish immigrants undermined the ethos of the guilds and exasperated the English merchants by selling a large variety of goods under one roof. They also played a prominent role in the clipping of silver coins and the melting of them into bullion and the plating of tin with silver.
The famous economist, Dr. William Cunningham, compares “the activity of the Jews in England from the eleventh century onward to a sponge, which sucked up all the wealth of the land and thereby hinders all economic development. Interesting too, is the proof that even at this early period the government did everything in its power to make the Jews take up decent trades and honest work and thereby at the same time amalgamate with the rest of the population, but all to no purpose.”
🧵 Money-lenders timeline:
A History of Central Banking and the Enslavement of Mankind
2.) The Magna Carta and Jewish Expulsion
🔸By the beginning of the 13th century many nobles were in danger of losing their lands through usury and taxation. In 1207 an enormous sum of £60,000 was levied in taxes on the Christian population. The Jews also paid tax, but at a lower rate and on grossly understated income and wealth. Nobles who borrowed from Jewish money lenders and from the King and his agents had to have their mortgages registered on the Treasury Rolls. As soon as a noble got into financial difficulty, the King would buy the debt from the money lender and seize the land for himself. King John (1199-1216) was “utterly reckless” in pursuit of this depraved and dishonest policy, and was moreover “profligate, incompetent and utterly beholden to his Jews.”
In 1215 the nobles revolted and forced King John to sign the Magna Carta on 15 June 1215. This document consists of 61 clauses relating to the establishment of various constitutional and legal rights, but its principal purpose was to cancel the bonds of the Jewish money lenders and to abolish usury and the privileged position of the Jews. On 19 October 1216 King John died and was succeeded by his nine year old son Henry III, who ruled from 1219 to 1272. His reign was little better than that of his father and 19 of the clauses affecting the Jews were abrogated the following year. However, his heir Edward I (1272-1307) soon realised that Jews had no place in English society and that if he did not take action, he would be in danger of losing his throne. In 1233 and 1275 Statutes of Jewry were passed which abolished all forms of usury. As many of these Jews could no longer earn a “living”, a statute was passed by King Edward on 18 July 1290 compelling the entire Jewish population of 16,511 to leave England forever; one of over 100 hundred expulsions which have been recorded throughout European history. The announcement was greeted with great joy and jubilation throughout the land. Unlike the modern practice of ethnic cleansing, the Jews, after paying a tax of 1/15 of the value of their movables and 1/10 of their specie, were permitted to leave with all their goods and chattels. Any Jew who remained after 1 November 1290 (All Saints Day) was liable to be executed.
1297 Magna Carta(English)
archives.gov/files/press/pr…
A History of Central Banking and the Enslavement of Mankind
2.) The Magna Carta and Jewish Expulsion
🔸By the beginning of the 13th century many nobles were in danger of losing their lands through usury and taxation. In 1207 an enormous sum of £60,000 was levied in taxes on the Christian population. The Jews also paid tax, but at a lower rate and on grossly understated income and wealth. Nobles who borrowed from Jewish money lenders and from the King and his agents had to have their mortgages registered on the Treasury Rolls. As soon as a noble got into financial difficulty, the King would buy the debt from the money lender and seize the land for himself. King John (1199-1216) was “utterly reckless” in pursuit of this depraved and dishonest policy, and was moreover “profligate, incompetent and utterly beholden to his Jews.”
In 1215 the nobles revolted and forced King John to sign the Magna Carta on 15 June 1215. This document consists of 61 clauses relating to the establishment of various constitutional and legal rights, but its principal purpose was to cancel the bonds of the Jewish money lenders and to abolish usury and the privileged position of the Jews. On 19 October 1216 King John died and was succeeded by his nine year old son Henry III, who ruled from 1219 to 1272. His reign was little better than that of his father and 19 of the clauses affecting the Jews were abrogated the following year. However, his heir Edward I (1272-1307) soon realised that Jews had no place in English society and that if he did not take action, he would be in danger of losing his throne. In 1233 and 1275 Statutes of Jewry were passed which abolished all forms of usury. As many of these Jews could no longer earn a “living”, a statute was passed by King Edward on 18 July 1290 compelling the entire Jewish population of 16,511 to leave England forever; one of over 100 hundred expulsions which have been recorded throughout European history. The announcement was greeted with great joy and jubilation throughout the land. Unlike the modern practice of ethnic cleansing, the Jews, after paying a tax of 1/15 of the value of their movables and 1/10 of their specie, were permitted to leave with all their goods and chattels. Any Jew who remained after 1 November 1290 (All Saints Day) was liable to be executed.
1297 Magna Carta(English)
archives.gov/files/press/pr…
🧵 Money-lenders timeline:
A History of Central Banking and the Enslavement of Mankind
3.) The Glorious Middle Ages (13 – 17th Century)
🔸With the banishment of the money lenders, the abolition of usury, tolerable taxes, no state debt and no interest to pay, England enjoyed a period of unparalleled growth and prosperity. The average labourer worked only 14 weeks and enjoyed 160 to 180 holidays. According to Lord William Leverhulme, a writer of that time, “The men of the 15th century were very well paid”, in fact so well paid that the purchasing power of their wages and their standard of living would only be exceeded in the late 19th century. A labourer could provide for all the necessities his family required. They were well clothed in good woollen cloth and had plenty of meat and bread.
During their spare hours many craftsmen volunteered their skills in building some of England’s magnificent cathedrals, which reinforces one of the basic tenets of Western civilisation that without leisure time, the fostering of culture is not possible.
A History of Central Banking and the Enslavement of Mankind
3.) The Glorious Middle Ages (13 – 17th Century)
🔸With the banishment of the money lenders, the abolition of usury, tolerable taxes, no state debt and no interest to pay, England enjoyed a period of unparalleled growth and prosperity. The average labourer worked only 14 weeks and enjoyed 160 to 180 holidays. According to Lord William Leverhulme, a writer of that time, “The men of the 15th century were very well paid”, in fact so well paid that the purchasing power of their wages and their standard of living would only be exceeded in the late 19th century. A labourer could provide for all the necessities his family required. They were well clothed in good woollen cloth and had plenty of meat and bread.
During their spare hours many craftsmen volunteered their skills in building some of England’s magnificent cathedrals, which reinforces one of the basic tenets of Western civilisation that without leisure time, the fostering of culture is not possible.
🧵 Money-lenders timeline:
A History of Central Banking and the Enslavement of Mankind
4.) End of a Golden Era for England
During the 17th century this golden era came to a tragic end. Large numbers of Jews, who had been expelled from Spain in 1492 by Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon on account of their persistent involvement in usury and unethical business practices, had settled in Holland. Although the Dutch were at that time an important maritime power, the Jewish money lenders based in Amsterdam desired to return to England, where their prospects for expanding the operations of their money- lending empire were far more promising.
During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603) small numbers of Marranos-Spanish Jews, who had converted to a sham form of Christianity, settled in London. Many of them practised as goldsmiths, accepting deposits of gold for safekeeping, and then issuing ten times the amount of gold received as gold receipts, that is loans with interest. These receipts, a forerunner of the fraudulent fractional reserve system of banking, were initially lent to the Crown or Treasury at 8% per annum, but according to Samuel Pepys, the diarist and Secretary to the Admiralty, the interest rate increased to as much as 20% and even 30% per annum. The rate of interest merchants paid often exceeded 33% per annum, even though the legal rate was only 6% per annum. Workmen and poor people bore the brunt of these extortionate rates of interest by having to pay 60%, 70% or even 80% per annum. According to Michael Godfrey, the author of a pamphlet entitled A Short Account of the Bank of England, two to three million pounds had been lost through the bankruptcies of goldsmiths and the disappearance of their clerks.
And so, centuries of economic prosperity for England came suddenly to a halt.
Resettlement of Jews in England from Spain:👇🏼
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resettlem…
A History of Central Banking and the Enslavement of Mankind
4.) End of a Golden Era for England
During the 17th century this golden era came to a tragic end. Large numbers of Jews, who had been expelled from Spain in 1492 by Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon on account of their persistent involvement in usury and unethical business practices, had settled in Holland. Although the Dutch were at that time an important maritime power, the Jewish money lenders based in Amsterdam desired to return to England, where their prospects for expanding the operations of their money- lending empire were far more promising.
During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603) small numbers of Marranos-Spanish Jews, who had converted to a sham form of Christianity, settled in London. Many of them practised as goldsmiths, accepting deposits of gold for safekeeping, and then issuing ten times the amount of gold received as gold receipts, that is loans with interest. These receipts, a forerunner of the fraudulent fractional reserve system of banking, were initially lent to the Crown or Treasury at 8% per annum, but according to Samuel Pepys, the diarist and Secretary to the Admiralty, the interest rate increased to as much as 20% and even 30% per annum. The rate of interest merchants paid often exceeded 33% per annum, even though the legal rate was only 6% per annum. Workmen and poor people bore the brunt of these extortionate rates of interest by having to pay 60%, 70% or even 80% per annum. According to Michael Godfrey, the author of a pamphlet entitled A Short Account of the Bank of England, two to three million pounds had been lost through the bankruptcies of goldsmiths and the disappearance of their clerks.
And so, centuries of economic prosperity for England came suddenly to a halt.
Resettlement of Jews in England from Spain:👇🏼
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resettlem…
🧵 Money-lenders timeline:
A History of Central Banking and the Enslavement of Mankind
5.) Cromwell and the Regicide of King Charles I.
🔸The Puritan leader Oliver Cromwell (1599- 1658), whose ‘New Model Army’ was not only outfitted and provisioned by the chief contractor and professional agitator, Fernandez Carvajal, but also bankrolled by Jewish money lenders in Amsterdam. The leader of the Dutch Jews, Manasseh Ben Israel, sent begging petitions to Cromwell asking that the Jews be allowed to immigrate to England in return for the financial favours, which he had so generously arranged. The treachery to which Cromwell descended is revealed in correspondence between himself and the Synagogue of Mulheim, Germany.
16 June 1647
From O.C. (Oliver Cromwell) to Ebenezer Pratt
“In return for financial support will advocate admission of Jews to England: This is however impossible while Charles is living. Charles cannot be executed without trial, adequate grounds for which do not at present exist. Therefore advise that Charles be assassinated, but will have nothing to do with arrangements for procuring an assassin, though willing to help in his escape.”
In reply was dispatched the following:-
12 July 1647
To O.C. from Ebenezer Pratt
“Will grant financial aid as soon as Charles is removed and Jews admitted. Assassination too dangerous. Charles shall be given an opportunity to escape: His recapture will make trial and execution possible. The support will be liberal, but useless to discuss terms until trial commences.”
King Charles was staying as a virtual prisoner in Holmby House, Northamptonshire. On 4 June 1647, 500 revolutionaries seized the King, but then allowed him to escape to the Isle of Wight where he was subsequently arrested. On 5 December 1648 the House of Commons decided “That the King’s concessions were satisfactory to a settlement.”
Cromwell then purged the House of Commons with the assistance of Colonel Pryde until there was only a “Rump” of 50 members left, who then duly voted that the King be put on trial. Not a single English lawyer was prepared to draw up a charge sheet against the King. Eventually it was provided by a Dutch Jew, Isaac Dorislaus. The King was forced to participate in a show trial in a High Court of Justice in which two thirds of its members were Levellers from the army. Charles refused to plead, but was found guilty and executed on 30 January 1649.
The second Jewish migration to England would soon commence along with the establishment of the Bank of England, the central banking model, which was to be a template for all succeeding global central banking establishments.
🔸Regicide and Republic, 1647-1660; Lecture-21; (47 min)
🔸Photo 1- Execution order Charles Ioyc.yale.edu/history/hist-2…
A History of Central Banking and the Enslavement of Mankind
5.) Cromwell and the Regicide of King Charles I.
🔸The Puritan leader Oliver Cromwell (1599- 1658), whose ‘New Model Army’ was not only outfitted and provisioned by the chief contractor and professional agitator, Fernandez Carvajal, but also bankrolled by Jewish money lenders in Amsterdam. The leader of the Dutch Jews, Manasseh Ben Israel, sent begging petitions to Cromwell asking that the Jews be allowed to immigrate to England in return for the financial favours, which he had so generously arranged. The treachery to which Cromwell descended is revealed in correspondence between himself and the Synagogue of Mulheim, Germany.
16 June 1647
From O.C. (Oliver Cromwell) to Ebenezer Pratt
“In return for financial support will advocate admission of Jews to England: This is however impossible while Charles is living. Charles cannot be executed without trial, adequate grounds for which do not at present exist. Therefore advise that Charles be assassinated, but will have nothing to do with arrangements for procuring an assassin, though willing to help in his escape.”
In reply was dispatched the following:-
12 July 1647
To O.C. from Ebenezer Pratt
“Will grant financial aid as soon as Charles is removed and Jews admitted. Assassination too dangerous. Charles shall be given an opportunity to escape: His recapture will make trial and execution possible. The support will be liberal, but useless to discuss terms until trial commences.”
King Charles was staying as a virtual prisoner in Holmby House, Northamptonshire. On 4 June 1647, 500 revolutionaries seized the King, but then allowed him to escape to the Isle of Wight where he was subsequently arrested. On 5 December 1648 the House of Commons decided “That the King’s concessions were satisfactory to a settlement.”
Cromwell then purged the House of Commons with the assistance of Colonel Pryde until there was only a “Rump” of 50 members left, who then duly voted that the King be put on trial. Not a single English lawyer was prepared to draw up a charge sheet against the King. Eventually it was provided by a Dutch Jew, Isaac Dorislaus. The King was forced to participate in a show trial in a High Court of Justice in which two thirds of its members were Levellers from the army. Charles refused to plead, but was found guilty and executed on 30 January 1649.
The second Jewish migration to England would soon commence along with the establishment of the Bank of England, the central banking model, which was to be a template for all succeeding global central banking establishments.
🔸Regicide and Republic, 1647-1660; Lecture-21; (47 min)
🔸Photo 1- Execution order Charles Ioyc.yale.edu/history/hist-2…
🧵 Money-lenders timeline:
A History of Central Banking and the Enslavement of Mankind
6.)Establishment of the Bank of England
🔸On Thursday, 21 June 1694 subscription lists for the Bank, which had a capital of £1,200,000 were opened. By the following Monday this amount had been fully subscribed.
The ostensible purpose of the bank was to lend King William unlimited sums at 8% per annum to enable the prosecution of war, and in particular the conflict against Louis XIV of France whose country was not on the usury system. The Bank would thus receive from the Crown interest of £100,000 per annum, the additional £4,000 being an administrative fee. The Bank also acquired the right to issue £1,200,000 in bank notes without any gold cover.
Prior to its listing, the byelaws of the Bank were carefully scrutinised by Serjeant-at-Law Creswell Levinz in order to ensure that the Bank complied with its hidden purpose, viz. to fleece the English people in perpetuity by allowing the creation of the nation’s money and means of exchange out of nothing at interest. All this fake money was to be accompanied by compounding interest. Levinz was a crypto-Jew or Marrano who practised as an advocate and later served as a judge.
There was much opposition to the establishment of the Bank. Foremost were the goldsmiths and moneylenders, who correctly foresaw that it would bring an end to their usurious racket of fractional reserve banking based on their gold receipts. Landowners and country gentry feared an escalation in interest rates, as the Bank would control the nation’s money supply. There were allegations that the Bank would favour certain merchants with low rates of interest. The biggest fear was that “the Bank would grow too powerful and would become the keystone of the commercial world.” Unfortunately, this is exactly what happened, as the Bank of England became the model on which all subsequent central banks were replicated.
🔸Founding documents; Bank of England
🔸Bank of England: History, Role, and Current Policy Debates(PDF)
🔸Photo 1: Mercers' Hall, site of the first Bank of England.
🔸Photo 2: The Charter incorporating the Governor and the Company of the Bank of England.bankofengland.co.uk/museum/online-…
researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/LLN-…
A History of Central Banking and the Enslavement of Mankind
6.)Establishment of the Bank of England
🔸On Thursday, 21 June 1694 subscription lists for the Bank, which had a capital of £1,200,000 were opened. By the following Monday this amount had been fully subscribed.
The ostensible purpose of the bank was to lend King William unlimited sums at 8% per annum to enable the prosecution of war, and in particular the conflict against Louis XIV of France whose country was not on the usury system. The Bank would thus receive from the Crown interest of £100,000 per annum, the additional £4,000 being an administrative fee. The Bank also acquired the right to issue £1,200,000 in bank notes without any gold cover.
Prior to its listing, the byelaws of the Bank were carefully scrutinised by Serjeant-at-Law Creswell Levinz in order to ensure that the Bank complied with its hidden purpose, viz. to fleece the English people in perpetuity by allowing the creation of the nation’s money and means of exchange out of nothing at interest. All this fake money was to be accompanied by compounding interest. Levinz was a crypto-Jew or Marrano who practised as an advocate and later served as a judge.
There was much opposition to the establishment of the Bank. Foremost were the goldsmiths and moneylenders, who correctly foresaw that it would bring an end to their usurious racket of fractional reserve banking based on their gold receipts. Landowners and country gentry feared an escalation in interest rates, as the Bank would control the nation’s money supply. There were allegations that the Bank would favour certain merchants with low rates of interest. The biggest fear was that “the Bank would grow too powerful and would become the keystone of the commercial world.” Unfortunately, this is exactly what happened, as the Bank of England became the model on which all subsequent central banks were replicated.
🔸Founding documents; Bank of England
🔸Bank of England: History, Role, and Current Policy Debates(PDF)
🔸Photo 1: Mercers' Hall, site of the first Bank of England.
🔸Photo 2: The Charter incorporating the Governor and the Company of the Bank of England.bankofengland.co.uk/museum/online-…
researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/LLN-…
🧵 Money-lenders timeline:
A History of Central Banking and the Enslavement of Mankind
7.) War and Debt Slavery in Perpetuity
🔸Henceforth a pattern would emerge where unnecessary wars would be embarked upon which simultaneously increased the national debt and the profits of the money lenders. Significantly, most of these wars were started against countries, that had implemented interest- free state banking systems, as was the case in the North American colonies. This pattern of attacking and enforcing the bankers’ system of usury has been deployed widely in the modern era and includes the defeats of Imperial Russia in World War I, Germany, Italy and Japan in World War II and most recently Libya in 2011. These were all countries which had state banking systems, which distributed the wealth of their respective nations on an equitable basis and provided their populations with a standard of living far superior to that of their rivals and contemporaries.
Within two years of its establishment in 1696, the Bank of England had £1,750,000 worth of bank notes circulating with a gold reserve of only 2% or £36,000. On 1 May 1707 the union between Scotland and England was established, motivated in no small way by the necessity to seize control of the Royal Mint in Edinburgh which took place in 1709.
🔸Introduction: Union Between England and Scotland
🔸Scottish and Irish Mints-University of Oxford
british-history.ac.uk/cal-treasury-b…
newtonandthemint.history.ox.ac.uk/administration…
A History of Central Banking and the Enslavement of Mankind
7.) War and Debt Slavery in Perpetuity
🔸Henceforth a pattern would emerge where unnecessary wars would be embarked upon which simultaneously increased the national debt and the profits of the money lenders. Significantly, most of these wars were started against countries, that had implemented interest- free state banking systems, as was the case in the North American colonies. This pattern of attacking and enforcing the bankers’ system of usury has been deployed widely in the modern era and includes the defeats of Imperial Russia in World War I, Germany, Italy and Japan in World War II and most recently Libya in 2011. These were all countries which had state banking systems, which distributed the wealth of their respective nations on an equitable basis and provided their populations with a standard of living far superior to that of their rivals and contemporaries.
Within two years of its establishment in 1696, the Bank of England had £1,750,000 worth of bank notes circulating with a gold reserve of only 2% or £36,000. On 1 May 1707 the union between Scotland and England was established, motivated in no small way by the necessity to seize control of the Royal Mint in Edinburgh which took place in 1709.
🔸Introduction: Union Between England and Scotland
🔸Scottish and Irish Mints-University of Oxford
british-history.ac.uk/cal-treasury-b…
newtonandthemint.history.ox.ac.uk/administration…
🧵 Money-lenders timeline:
A History of Central Banking and the Enslavement of Mankind
8.) Napoléon the Monetary Reformer
🔸Napoléon, who was Emperor of France from 1804 -1815, was very mindful of the fact that money always remains in hiding and only acts through agents, who are often unaware of the aims that they are pursuing. He realised that international money stood behind every foreign enemy, every monarch and every political party, including the Jacobins, stating on one occasion that; “The hand that gives is above the hand that takes. Money has no motherland; financiers are without patriotism and without decency: their sole object is gain.” He had very clear ideas as to how he wished the French economy to be run. He defined his system as being for the application of the resources of government, including finances, for the benefit and use of his people for the greater glory of God. His system was for the maintenance of spiritual as against material values, the nation as against political parties, patriotism as against greed, loyalty as against fear.
The bedrock of the economy was to be agriculture – “for that is the soul of the people…the foundations of the Kingdom.” Next in importance was industry, which “ministers to the comfort and happiness of the population.” A poor third came foreign trade, which only consists of the surplus of agriculture and industry. In his opinion “foreign trade ought to be the servant of agriculture and home industry; these last ought never to be subordinated to foreign trade.” Napoléon’s ultimate objective was to ensure not only financial independence, but self-sufficiency in the production of goods for domestic consumption.
A History of Central Banking and the Enslavement of Mankind
8.) Napoléon the Monetary Reformer
🔸Napoléon, who was Emperor of France from 1804 -1815, was very mindful of the fact that money always remains in hiding and only acts through agents, who are often unaware of the aims that they are pursuing. He realised that international money stood behind every foreign enemy, every monarch and every political party, including the Jacobins, stating on one occasion that; “The hand that gives is above the hand that takes. Money has no motherland; financiers are without patriotism and without decency: their sole object is gain.” He had very clear ideas as to how he wished the French economy to be run. He defined his system as being for the application of the resources of government, including finances, for the benefit and use of his people for the greater glory of God. His system was for the maintenance of spiritual as against material values, the nation as against political parties, patriotism as against greed, loyalty as against fear.
The bedrock of the economy was to be agriculture – “for that is the soul of the people…the foundations of the Kingdom.” Next in importance was industry, which “ministers to the comfort and happiness of the population.” A poor third came foreign trade, which only consists of the surplus of agriculture and industry. In his opinion “foreign trade ought to be the servant of agriculture and home industry; these last ought never to be subordinated to foreign trade.” Napoléon’s ultimate objective was to ensure not only financial independence, but self-sufficiency in the production of goods for domestic consumption.
🧵 Money-lenders timeline:
A History of Central Banking and the Enslavement of Mankind
9.) The State Bank of the French Empire
🔸Napoléon’s first act on assuming power as First Consul on 9 November 1799, was to establish the Banque de France on 18 January 1800 as a joint stock company, which commenced operations on 20 February of that year. This Bank replaced the 15, mainly Jewish, private banking houses which had been deeply involved in the events leading up to the Jewish revolution against the French people commonly, but incorrectly, known as the French Revolution 1789-1799. These banks had increased the national debt to £170 million and had charged rapacious rates of interest on loans to the French crown, to the extent that prior to 1789, it was allocating over 50% of its budget expenditure to interest.
The Bank was set up with a share capital of 30 million francs divided into 30,000 shares of 1,000 francs each, of which a portion was subscribed by Napoleon, his family and members of his entourage.— The dividend of the shareholders was initially limited to 6% per annum, but was increased in 1806 to two thirds of the bank's profits, with the remaining one third being allocated to the Bank's reserves. The two hundred largest shareholders elected 15 regents or directors, who sat on the General Council administering the Bank and three Censors or inspectors, who supervised management of the Bank. The General Council in turn elected a Central Committee consisting of three members, one of whom was chairman. Napoleon made himself president of the Bank, declaring that "The bank does not belong to the shareholders only; it also belongs to the state, since the state has entrusted to it the privilege of issuing money. I wish the bank to be in sufficient measure in the hands of the state, but not too much so."
Treaty of Tilsit - Napoleon and Tsar Alexander I sign the treaty on a raft on the Neman river.
On 14 April 1803 by means of an Act of parliament, Napoleon abolished the right of two rival banks, the Caisse d'Escompte de Commerce and the Comptoir Commercial to issue bank notes.
England, under the direction of her international bankers, proceeded to bankroll Austria, Prussia, Russia, Spain and Sweden and duly declared war on France. The coalition forces exceeded 600,000. Napoléon could not muster even a third of that number, and would under normal circumstances have been compelled to secure a banker’s loan in order to arm and feed them. On 20 December 1803 he trumped the warmongers by selling Louisiana to the United States of America for £3 million. A brief period of peace and prosperity ensued. However, in 1806 a new coalition consisting of England, Russia and Prussia at the initiative of the last named country took to the field. Although the coalition forces were defeated at Jena on 14 October 1806, Napoléon was forced to engage in a series of needless and senseless wars for the next nine years in order to protect France and her new economic dispensation.
🔸Napoleon would not allow loans to be employed for current expenditure, whether civil or military, under any circumstances. On the subject of debt he had this to say:
"One has only to consider what loans can lead to in order to realise their danger. Therefore I would never have anything to do with them and have always striven against them. At one time people asserted that I did not issue loans because I possessed no credit and could find nobody who would lend me anything. That is quite false. That surely implies a very scanty knowledge of human nature and an ignorance of stock exchange methods if people imagine that I could find no one ready to lend. It was not part of my system."napoleon-empire.net/en/official-te…
A History of Central Banking and the Enslavement of Mankind
9.) The State Bank of the French Empire
🔸Napoléon’s first act on assuming power as First Consul on 9 November 1799, was to establish the Banque de France on 18 January 1800 as a joint stock company, which commenced operations on 20 February of that year. This Bank replaced the 15, mainly Jewish, private banking houses which had been deeply involved in the events leading up to the Jewish revolution against the French people commonly, but incorrectly, known as the French Revolution 1789-1799. These banks had increased the national debt to £170 million and had charged rapacious rates of interest on loans to the French crown, to the extent that prior to 1789, it was allocating over 50% of its budget expenditure to interest.
The Bank was set up with a share capital of 30 million francs divided into 30,000 shares of 1,000 francs each, of which a portion was subscribed by Napoleon, his family and members of his entourage.— The dividend of the shareholders was initially limited to 6% per annum, but was increased in 1806 to two thirds of the bank's profits, with the remaining one third being allocated to the Bank's reserves. The two hundred largest shareholders elected 15 regents or directors, who sat on the General Council administering the Bank and three Censors or inspectors, who supervised management of the Bank. The General Council in turn elected a Central Committee consisting of three members, one of whom was chairman. Napoleon made himself president of the Bank, declaring that "The bank does not belong to the shareholders only; it also belongs to the state, since the state has entrusted to it the privilege of issuing money. I wish the bank to be in sufficient measure in the hands of the state, but not too much so."
Treaty of Tilsit - Napoleon and Tsar Alexander I sign the treaty on a raft on the Neman river.
On 14 April 1803 by means of an Act of parliament, Napoleon abolished the right of two rival banks, the Caisse d'Escompte de Commerce and the Comptoir Commercial to issue bank notes.
England, under the direction of her international bankers, proceeded to bankroll Austria, Prussia, Russia, Spain and Sweden and duly declared war on France. The coalition forces exceeded 600,000. Napoléon could not muster even a third of that number, and would under normal circumstances have been compelled to secure a banker’s loan in order to arm and feed them. On 20 December 1803 he trumped the warmongers by selling Louisiana to the United States of America for £3 million. A brief period of peace and prosperity ensued. However, in 1806 a new coalition consisting of England, Russia and Prussia at the initiative of the last named country took to the field. Although the coalition forces were defeated at Jena on 14 October 1806, Napoléon was forced to engage in a series of needless and senseless wars for the next nine years in order to protect France and her new economic dispensation.
🔸Napoleon would not allow loans to be employed for current expenditure, whether civil or military, under any circumstances. On the subject of debt he had this to say:
"One has only to consider what loans can lead to in order to realise their danger. Therefore I would never have anything to do with them and have always striven against them. At one time people asserted that I did not issue loans because I possessed no credit and could find nobody who would lend me anything. That is quite false. That surely implies a very scanty knowledge of human nature and an ignorance of stock exchange methods if people imagine that I could find no one ready to lend. It was not part of my system."napoleon-empire.net/en/official-te…
🧵 Money-lenders timeline:
A History of Central Banking and the Enslavement of Mankind
10.) Achievements of the French State Banking System
🔸As part of the Code Napoléon (Code civil des Français), Napoléon introduced a new commercial code on 21 March 1804. These economic reforms which included substantially reduced taxes, quickly turned the French economy around and resulted in increased trade and the development of new industries, such as cotton-making and sugar beet, which were assisted by tariffs against foreign goods and low interest rate loans. The infrastructure was upgraded on a vast scale not only in France, but throughout western Europe, with the construction of 20,000 miles (32,186 km) of imperial roads and 12,000 miles (19,312 km) of regional roads, almost 1,000 miles (1,609 km) of canals, bridges, the dredging and expansion of harbours such as Cherbourg and Dunkerque, waterworks and public buildings, such as the gallery at the Louvre – all financed with interest free money from the Banque de France.
Napoleon also established an Industrial Board, which provided data and information to French industry; the Imperial University, which administered French education, specialised schools or lycées for the study of engineering, science and technology, and professional schools devoted to midwifery, obstetrics and veterinary science.
Napoléon described these accomplishments to his Irish doctor, Barry O’Meara, on the island of St Helena and said that they were his most enduring monument. “The allied powers cannot take from me hereafter the great public works I have executed, the roads which I made over the Alps, and the seas I have united. They cannot place their feet to improve where mine have not been before. They cannot take from the code of laws which I formed, and which will go down to posterity.”
🔸Napoleon communicated to his former chamberlain and companion of 18 months on St Helena, Comte de Las Cases:👇🏼
"I inspired France and Europe with new ideas which will never be forgotten....France's finances are the best in the world. To whom does she owe them? If I had not been overthrown I would have made a complete change in the appearance of commerce as well as of industry. The efforts of the French people were extraordinary. Prosperity and progress were growing immeasurably. Enlightenment was making giant strides. New ideas were everywhere heard and published, for I took pains to introduce science among the people....If I had been given time there would soon have been no more artisans in France; they would all have become artists.
A History of Central Banking and the Enslavement of Mankind
10.) Achievements of the French State Banking System
🔸As part of the Code Napoléon (Code civil des Français), Napoléon introduced a new commercial code on 21 March 1804. These economic reforms which included substantially reduced taxes, quickly turned the French economy around and resulted in increased trade and the development of new industries, such as cotton-making and sugar beet, which were assisted by tariffs against foreign goods and low interest rate loans. The infrastructure was upgraded on a vast scale not only in France, but throughout western Europe, with the construction of 20,000 miles (32,186 km) of imperial roads and 12,000 miles (19,312 km) of regional roads, almost 1,000 miles (1,609 km) of canals, bridges, the dredging and expansion of harbours such as Cherbourg and Dunkerque, waterworks and public buildings, such as the gallery at the Louvre – all financed with interest free money from the Banque de France.
Napoleon also established an Industrial Board, which provided data and information to French industry; the Imperial University, which administered French education, specialised schools or lycées for the study of engineering, science and technology, and professional schools devoted to midwifery, obstetrics and veterinary science.
Napoléon described these accomplishments to his Irish doctor, Barry O’Meara, on the island of St Helena and said that they were his most enduring monument. “The allied powers cannot take from me hereafter the great public works I have executed, the roads which I made over the Alps, and the seas I have united. They cannot place their feet to improve where mine have not been before. They cannot take from the code of laws which I formed, and which will go down to posterity.”
🔸Napoleon communicated to his former chamberlain and companion of 18 months on St Helena, Comte de Las Cases:👇🏼
"I inspired France and Europe with new ideas which will never be forgotten....France's finances are the best in the world. To whom does she owe them? If I had not been overthrown I would have made a complete change in the appearance of commerce as well as of industry. The efforts of the French people were extraordinary. Prosperity and progress were growing immeasurably. Enlightenment was making giant strides. New ideas were everywhere heard and published, for I took pains to introduce science among the people....If I had been given time there would soon have been no more artisans in France; they would all have become artists.
🧵 Money-lenders timeline:
A History of Central Banking and the Enslavement of Mankind
11.) Colonial Script and the Revolution in America
🔸During the colonial period the American colonies created their own paper money. The first colony to do so was Massachusetts in 1691. Pennsylvania, New York, Delaware and Maryland soon followed suit. They called their currency colonial script or bills of credit. It freed them from the control of the English banks and enabled them to run their financial affairs in an inflation-free environment with few taxes. Throughout the colonies sustained, stable economic growth and prosperity were achieved, which would not have been possible under a privately run banking system based on usury.
In 1763 American statesman, Benjamin Franklin (1706- 1790) visited London, where he was shocked to observe slum conditions and the wide prevalence of poverty. When the British parliament asked Franklin to explain the source of prosperity of the American colonies, he replied as follows:
“That is simple. In the colonies we issue our own money. It is called colonial script. We issue it in proportion to the demands of trade and industry to make the products pass easily from the producers to the consumers. In this manner, creating for ourselves our own money, we control its purchasing power, and we have no interest to pay anyone.”
The following year in 1764 the Bank of England introduced a Currency Bill, which severely restricted the colonies right to issue their own money and forbade its legal tender status for the payment of private and public debts. Instead the bank ordered them to issue bonds at interest and sell them to the Bank of England in exchange for English money. In the event only half of the currency was remitted. As a consequence of this law, the economy of the colonies collapsed and within one year more than half the population became unemployed and destitute. The Stamp Act of 1765 was the last straw, but the abolition of the colonial currency was the primary cause of the revolution from 1765 - 1791.
A History of Central Banking and the Enslavement of Mankind
11.) Colonial Script and the Revolution in America
🔸During the colonial period the American colonies created their own paper money. The first colony to do so was Massachusetts in 1691. Pennsylvania, New York, Delaware and Maryland soon followed suit. They called their currency colonial script or bills of credit. It freed them from the control of the English banks and enabled them to run their financial affairs in an inflation-free environment with few taxes. Throughout the colonies sustained, stable economic growth and prosperity were achieved, which would not have been possible under a privately run banking system based on usury.
In 1763 American statesman, Benjamin Franklin (1706- 1790) visited London, where he was shocked to observe slum conditions and the wide prevalence of poverty. When the British parliament asked Franklin to explain the source of prosperity of the American colonies, he replied as follows:
“That is simple. In the colonies we issue our own money. It is called colonial script. We issue it in proportion to the demands of trade and industry to make the products pass easily from the producers to the consumers. In this manner, creating for ourselves our own money, we control its purchasing power, and we have no interest to pay anyone.”
The following year in 1764 the Bank of England introduced a Currency Bill, which severely restricted the colonies right to issue their own money and forbade its legal tender status for the payment of private and public debts. Instead the bank ordered them to issue bonds at interest and sell them to the Bank of England in exchange for English money. In the event only half of the currency was remitted. As a consequence of this law, the economy of the colonies collapsed and within one year more than half the population became unemployed and destitute. The Stamp Act of 1765 was the last straw, but the abolition of the colonial currency was the primary cause of the revolution from 1765 - 1791.
🧵
12.) US Banks + War
🔸One of the first tasks entrusted 2 the Second Continental Congress, which convened 4 the first time on 10 May 1775, was 2 issue its own currency, largely 2 finance its war expenditures. A total of $241,552,788 was issued during the currency's existence. The Bank of England quickly responded. Hundreds of workmen were recruited + soon millions of $ worth of counterfeit bank notes were rolling off the printing presses + being shipped to New York. The continental dollar retained much of its purchasing power during the first two years of its issuance, but once the English counterfeit bank notes started 2 increase in circulation, its value soon fell away and by 1780 one dollar was worth only 2.5 cents.
Fifteen years later in 1790 the Bank of England mounted another similar operation, when it employed over 400 workmen in 17 factories in southern + central England to print the assignat, which was the currency of revolutionary France. The assignat which was backed by clerical lands, was in its initial stages successfully circulated as a means of exchange, + a significant portion of the National Debt was repaid. However, by 1792 the massive infusion of counterfeit notes soon caused the assignat 2 plummet in value + thereafter there was a brief period of hyperinflation. On 14 April 1803 Napoleon Bonaparte introduced the government issued franc which acquired the status of legal tender in 1808.
Already in 1781 before the conclusion of the war of independence on 11 April 1783 Robert Morris, the Superintendent of Finance, introduced a bill which restored the new state 2 servitude with the establishment of the Bank of North America. This bank commenced operations on 4 January 1782. It attracted large deposits of silver and gold coins + bills of exchange obtained through loans from France + The Netherlands, which enabled it 2 issue paper currency on the strength of these reserves. Between 1791 + 1796 inflation surged by 72%. In 1795 the State of Pennsylvania withdrew its jurisdiction on account of "alarming foreign influence + fictitious credit".
On 25 February 1791 the Bank of North America was succeeded by a second central bank, which was chartered as the First Bank of the United States. It was imposed as a result of the intrigues of Alexander Hamilton, 111211 the Secretary Of The Treasury,whose actions indicate that he was working hand in glove with the directors of the Bank of England, as it was modelled on that bank. The new bank had a capital of $10 million, of which 20% was held by the US government + the balance by private investors. The bank was strongly opposed by future presidents John Adams, James Madison + Thomas Jefferson.
The following year the bank organised the first crash known as the "Panic of 1792". By flooding the market with cheap loans + suddenly calling most of them in, the bank precipitated a 25% plunge in the price of 6% Treasury bonds, which resulted in financial chaos. By the end of 1795 the bank had lent $6 million 2 the government or 60% of its capital. As the bank was allegedly concerned about the stability of government finances, it demanded partial repayment of this loan. The government did not have the funds available + was therefore forced 2 sell its shareholding in the bank between the years 1796 + 1802. By means of this cunning ruse, the bank became 100% privately owned, of which 75% of the shares were held by foreigners.
First Bank of the United States opened in Philadelphia in 1795. The principal shareholder of the bank was Mayer Rothschild.
🔸“The Central Bank is an institution of the most deadly hostility existing against the principles + form of our Constitution...I believe that the banking institutions are more dangerous 2 our liberties than standing armies. Already they have raised up a moneyed aristocracy that has set the Government @ defiance. The issuing power should be taken from the banks + restored 2 the people 2 whom it properly belongs.
~ Thomas Jefferson
12.) US Banks + War
🔸One of the first tasks entrusted 2 the Second Continental Congress, which convened 4 the first time on 10 May 1775, was 2 issue its own currency, largely 2 finance its war expenditures. A total of $241,552,788 was issued during the currency's existence. The Bank of England quickly responded. Hundreds of workmen were recruited + soon millions of $ worth of counterfeit bank notes were rolling off the printing presses + being shipped to New York. The continental dollar retained much of its purchasing power during the first two years of its issuance, but once the English counterfeit bank notes started 2 increase in circulation, its value soon fell away and by 1780 one dollar was worth only 2.5 cents.
Fifteen years later in 1790 the Bank of England mounted another similar operation, when it employed over 400 workmen in 17 factories in southern + central England to print the assignat, which was the currency of revolutionary France. The assignat which was backed by clerical lands, was in its initial stages successfully circulated as a means of exchange, + a significant portion of the National Debt was repaid. However, by 1792 the massive infusion of counterfeit notes soon caused the assignat 2 plummet in value + thereafter there was a brief period of hyperinflation. On 14 April 1803 Napoleon Bonaparte introduced the government issued franc which acquired the status of legal tender in 1808.
Already in 1781 before the conclusion of the war of independence on 11 April 1783 Robert Morris, the Superintendent of Finance, introduced a bill which restored the new state 2 servitude with the establishment of the Bank of North America. This bank commenced operations on 4 January 1782. It attracted large deposits of silver and gold coins + bills of exchange obtained through loans from France + The Netherlands, which enabled it 2 issue paper currency on the strength of these reserves. Between 1791 + 1796 inflation surged by 72%. In 1795 the State of Pennsylvania withdrew its jurisdiction on account of "alarming foreign influence + fictitious credit".
On 25 February 1791 the Bank of North America was succeeded by a second central bank, which was chartered as the First Bank of the United States. It was imposed as a result of the intrigues of Alexander Hamilton, 111211 the Secretary Of The Treasury,whose actions indicate that he was working hand in glove with the directors of the Bank of England, as it was modelled on that bank. The new bank had a capital of $10 million, of which 20% was held by the US government + the balance by private investors. The bank was strongly opposed by future presidents John Adams, James Madison + Thomas Jefferson.
The following year the bank organised the first crash known as the "Panic of 1792". By flooding the market with cheap loans + suddenly calling most of them in, the bank precipitated a 25% plunge in the price of 6% Treasury bonds, which resulted in financial chaos. By the end of 1795 the bank had lent $6 million 2 the government or 60% of its capital. As the bank was allegedly concerned about the stability of government finances, it demanded partial repayment of this loan. The government did not have the funds available + was therefore forced 2 sell its shareholding in the bank between the years 1796 + 1802. By means of this cunning ruse, the bank became 100% privately owned, of which 75% of the shares were held by foreigners.
First Bank of the United States opened in Philadelphia in 1795. The principal shareholder of the bank was Mayer Rothschild.
🔸“The Central Bank is an institution of the most deadly hostility existing against the principles + form of our Constitution...I believe that the banking institutions are more dangerous 2 our liberties than standing armies. Already they have raised up a moneyed aristocracy that has set the Government @ defiance. The issuing power should be taken from the banks + restored 2 the people 2 whom it properly belongs.
~ Thomas Jefferson
🧵 Money-lenders timeline:
A History of Central Banking and the Enslavement of Mankind
13.) The Assassination of British Prime Minister Spencer Perceval
🔸Concurrently Perceval was facing increased pressure from Nathan Rothschild to make a declaration of war on the United States. He refused. The British army was already bogged down in a stalemate situation in Spain and Portugal (The Peninsular War 1808-1814) with Napoleon's forces, and he had no desire to commit more troops and treasure, financed by more interest-bearing bank loans, simply in order to save Rothschild's sinking banking interests in America.
The assassin of Spencer Perceval, John Bellingham, was born about 1769 in St Neots, Huntingdonshire. From 1800-1802 he worked in Archangelsk as an agent for importers and exporters. He returned to Russia in 1804, and in November of that year he was falsely accused of having reneged on a debt of 4,890 roubles which subsequently led to his imprisonment for four years. On his release Bellingham took up residence in Duke Street, Liverpool. He unsuccessfully petitioned the government for compensation.
Bellingham, a bitter and aggrieved man, fell into company with two dissolute American merchants, Thomas Wilson and Elisha Peck, 11221 who were both keen to have Orders in Council, which forbade neutral nations from trading with France abrogated. These Orders in Council had been introduced by Perceval in response to Napoleon's Continental Blockade which the latter had instituted in 1806 and prohibited trade with Britain and Ireland. Their continuation was due to be debated in parliament on that fateful evening. Thus we observe a confluence of interests, a disturbed and resentful man, two greedy merchants and the puppet master Rothschild pulling the strings in the background.
At 5.15 p.m. on 11 May 1812 as Perceval entered the lobby of the House of Commons, Bellingham stepped forward and shot him in the heart. Perceval collapsed uttering "Murder. oh my God" and within minutes was dead. Four days later Bellingham was put on trial at the Old Bailey. The trial lasted three days. A plea of insanity was rejected. The brevity of the trial was presumably related to the necessity of preventing any untoward disclosures. As is customary with this type of political assassination the "lone assassin" theory has to be preserved at all costs. On 18 May 1812 Bellingham was hanged. A few weeks later after Perceval's murder the Orders in Council forbidding neutral nations trading with France were revoked.
In the United States House of Representatives, Henry Clay, who was a freemason, led a group of young Democratic-Republicans known as the "War Hawks". The vote to declare war was decided on 1 June 1812 by 79 votes to 49, with all 39 Federalists refusing to support it. In the Senate the vote was decided by 19 to 13 votes. As there was no unanimity, critics frequently referred to it as "Mr Madison's War".
In England Perceval's successor. Lord Robert Liverpool, was an enthusiastic supporter of the war. However, neither belligerent was able to achieve its objectives, except Nathan Rothschild, who realised his aim of setting up the Second Bank of the United States on 10 April 1816. When hostilities ceased over two years later on 24 August 1814 over 24,000 lives had been lost. The war was very costly to the United States in financial terms. It incurred a huge war debt of $105 million relative to its population of eight million. As a result thereof the National Debt increased by 182 % from $45 million in 1812 to $127 million in 1815. Peace was signed in Ghent, Belgium on 24 December 1814.
A History of Central Banking and the Enslavement of Mankind
13.) The Assassination of British Prime Minister Spencer Perceval
🔸Concurrently Perceval was facing increased pressure from Nathan Rothschild to make a declaration of war on the United States. He refused. The British army was already bogged down in a stalemate situation in Spain and Portugal (The Peninsular War 1808-1814) with Napoleon's forces, and he had no desire to commit more troops and treasure, financed by more interest-bearing bank loans, simply in order to save Rothschild's sinking banking interests in America.
The assassin of Spencer Perceval, John Bellingham, was born about 1769 in St Neots, Huntingdonshire. From 1800-1802 he worked in Archangelsk as an agent for importers and exporters. He returned to Russia in 1804, and in November of that year he was falsely accused of having reneged on a debt of 4,890 roubles which subsequently led to his imprisonment for four years. On his release Bellingham took up residence in Duke Street, Liverpool. He unsuccessfully petitioned the government for compensation.
Bellingham, a bitter and aggrieved man, fell into company with two dissolute American merchants, Thomas Wilson and Elisha Peck, 11221 who were both keen to have Orders in Council, which forbade neutral nations from trading with France abrogated. These Orders in Council had been introduced by Perceval in response to Napoleon's Continental Blockade which the latter had instituted in 1806 and prohibited trade with Britain and Ireland. Their continuation was due to be debated in parliament on that fateful evening. Thus we observe a confluence of interests, a disturbed and resentful man, two greedy merchants and the puppet master Rothschild pulling the strings in the background.
At 5.15 p.m. on 11 May 1812 as Perceval entered the lobby of the House of Commons, Bellingham stepped forward and shot him in the heart. Perceval collapsed uttering "Murder. oh my God" and within minutes was dead. Four days later Bellingham was put on trial at the Old Bailey. The trial lasted three days. A plea of insanity was rejected. The brevity of the trial was presumably related to the necessity of preventing any untoward disclosures. As is customary with this type of political assassination the "lone assassin" theory has to be preserved at all costs. On 18 May 1812 Bellingham was hanged. A few weeks later after Perceval's murder the Orders in Council forbidding neutral nations trading with France were revoked.
In the United States House of Representatives, Henry Clay, who was a freemason, led a group of young Democratic-Republicans known as the "War Hawks". The vote to declare war was decided on 1 June 1812 by 79 votes to 49, with all 39 Federalists refusing to support it. In the Senate the vote was decided by 19 to 13 votes. As there was no unanimity, critics frequently referred to it as "Mr Madison's War".
In England Perceval's successor. Lord Robert Liverpool, was an enthusiastic supporter of the war. However, neither belligerent was able to achieve its objectives, except Nathan Rothschild, who realised his aim of setting up the Second Bank of the United States on 10 April 1816. When hostilities ceased over two years later on 24 August 1814 over 24,000 lives had been lost. The war was very costly to the United States in financial terms. It incurred a huge war debt of $105 million relative to its population of eight million. As a result thereof the National Debt increased by 182 % from $45 million in 1812 to $127 million in 1815. Peace was signed in Ghent, Belgium on 24 December 1814.
🧵 Money-lenders timeline:
A History of Central Banking and the Enslavement of Mankind
14A.) The Second Bank of the United States
🔸It had an enlarged capital of $35 million. The bank immediately established a large number of branch banks to lend fiat money at compound rates of interest. In 1822 President James Monroe appointed Nicholas Biddle president of the bank. Biddle had first made contact with the Rothschilds while on government business in Paris in 1804, while acting as secretary to the United States minister to France, John Armstrong. As president of the bank he acted as point man to James de Rothschild, who was the bank's principal investor.
The artificially induced recession of 1819-21, which was very profitable for the bankers who were able to buy up assets at depressed prices, convinced the leader of the Democrats, Andrew Jackson, that the only way to terminate these abuses was to close down the central bank. In his re-election campaign in 1832 he declared that "the monster must perish" 1111 and his chief slogan was "VOTE ANDREW JACKSON - NO BANK". He stated that "If Congress has the right under the Constitution to issue paper money, it was given to them to be used by themselves not to be delegated to individuals or corporations". 11111 He also said that "If the American people only understood the rank injustice of our banking and money system - there would be a revolution before morning."
The "People's President", Andrew Jackson, who survived an assassination attempt prior to vetoing a bill that would have renewed the charter for the Rothschild owned Second Bank of the United States. Notwithstanding a failed assassination attempt on 30 January 1835 by a presumed Rothschild agent, Richard Lawrence; when the 20 year charter of the Second Bank of the United States came up for renewal in 1836, Jackson collapsed the bank by withdrawing all government deposits. He promptly repaid the National Debt in its entirety, leaving a surplus of $50 million in the Treasury. The central bank was replaced by an Independent Treasury System based on redeemable paper and specie.
During President John Tyler's term of office (1841-45) two attempts were made by Congress under the sponsorship of the former Speaker of the House of Representatives, Henry Clay, to renew the charter of the Bank of the United States. Clay, who had in 1820 become Grandmaster of the Kentucky Lodge, 11111 was another agent deemed to be under the influence of the Rothschilds. Tyler vetoed both of these bills and was subsequently inundated with hundreds of letters threatening him with assassination.
For the next 77 years the United States developed without the need of a central bank. Its means of exchange were funded primarily by debt and interest-free Treasury "greenback" 11111 dollar bills, first issued by President Abraham Lincoln in 1862 in order to finance his military expenditure during the Civil War, and gold and silver coins. 11121 (Up to 1873 gold and silver could be coined at any US mint free of charge). After having rejected offers by private bankers to lend money to the United States government at interest rates varying between 24% and 36% per annum, ^ Lincoln had on the advice of his friend Colonel Dick Taylor 1121 issued $347 million of currency at no cost to the American people except for the expense of printing and distribution. Lincoln's defiance of Lionel Rothschild and his uncle James resulted in his assassination on the night of 15 April 1865 by John Wilkes Booth 11221 (real name Botha) at the behest of the Rothschilds' local agent named Rothberg..........👇🏼🧵
A History of Central Banking and the Enslavement of Mankind
14A.) The Second Bank of the United States
🔸It had an enlarged capital of $35 million. The bank immediately established a large number of branch banks to lend fiat money at compound rates of interest. In 1822 President James Monroe appointed Nicholas Biddle president of the bank. Biddle had first made contact with the Rothschilds while on government business in Paris in 1804, while acting as secretary to the United States minister to France, John Armstrong. As president of the bank he acted as point man to James de Rothschild, who was the bank's principal investor.
The artificially induced recession of 1819-21, which was very profitable for the bankers who were able to buy up assets at depressed prices, convinced the leader of the Democrats, Andrew Jackson, that the only way to terminate these abuses was to close down the central bank. In his re-election campaign in 1832 he declared that "the monster must perish" 1111 and his chief slogan was "VOTE ANDREW JACKSON - NO BANK". He stated that "If Congress has the right under the Constitution to issue paper money, it was given to them to be used by themselves not to be delegated to individuals or corporations". 11111 He also said that "If the American people only understood the rank injustice of our banking and money system - there would be a revolution before morning."
The "People's President", Andrew Jackson, who survived an assassination attempt prior to vetoing a bill that would have renewed the charter for the Rothschild owned Second Bank of the United States. Notwithstanding a failed assassination attempt on 30 January 1835 by a presumed Rothschild agent, Richard Lawrence; when the 20 year charter of the Second Bank of the United States came up for renewal in 1836, Jackson collapsed the bank by withdrawing all government deposits. He promptly repaid the National Debt in its entirety, leaving a surplus of $50 million in the Treasury. The central bank was replaced by an Independent Treasury System based on redeemable paper and specie.
During President John Tyler's term of office (1841-45) two attempts were made by Congress under the sponsorship of the former Speaker of the House of Representatives, Henry Clay, to renew the charter of the Bank of the United States. Clay, who had in 1820 become Grandmaster of the Kentucky Lodge, 11111 was another agent deemed to be under the influence of the Rothschilds. Tyler vetoed both of these bills and was subsequently inundated with hundreds of letters threatening him with assassination.
For the next 77 years the United States developed without the need of a central bank. Its means of exchange were funded primarily by debt and interest-free Treasury "greenback" 11111 dollar bills, first issued by President Abraham Lincoln in 1862 in order to finance his military expenditure during the Civil War, and gold and silver coins. 11121 (Up to 1873 gold and silver could be coined at any US mint free of charge). After having rejected offers by private bankers to lend money to the United States government at interest rates varying between 24% and 36% per annum, ^ Lincoln had on the advice of his friend Colonel Dick Taylor 1121 issued $347 million of currency at no cost to the American people except for the expense of printing and distribution. Lincoln's defiance of Lionel Rothschild and his uncle James resulted in his assassination on the night of 15 April 1865 by John Wilkes Booth 11221 (real name Botha) at the behest of the Rothschilds' local agent named Rothberg..........👇🏼🧵
🧵 Money-lenders timeline:
A History of Central Banking and the Enslavement of Mankind
14B.) The Second Bank of the United States
🔸The American Civil War (1861-1865) left the US government with a war debt of $5 billion. As a result of inflation these bonds had declined in value to $2.5 billion. Large quantities of these bonds were bought up by Rothschild's agent August Belmont 11211 in the hope of realising them at their face value in gold. In the 1868 presidential election, the Democratic Party candidate, George H. Pendleton, pledged payment only in paper. He was soon replaced by Horatio Seymour on the initiative of Belmont, who had assumed chairmanship of the Democratic National Committee in 1860. Seymour promised payment in specie.
However, when the Convention passed a resolution in favour of paper, Belmont was forced to switch sides and thereafter secretly supported the Republican candidate. General Ulysses S. Grant, used his part ownership of the New York World newspaper in order to denigrate and undermine the chances of Seymour. Grant won and on assuming office in 1869 he promptly introduced the Public Credit Act, which paid out the face value on the $5 billion worth of bonds in gold. This resulted in the Rothschilds and their associates making a 100% profit. The silver exchange was abolished and replaced by a gold standard by means of an Act Revising and Amending the Laws Relative to the Mints, Assay Offices and the Coinage of the United States.
On 17 January 1873 this act was passed by the Senate. According to a sworn affidavit of Mr. Frederick A. Luckenbach dated 9 May 1892, he had learnt from Mr. Ernest Seyd in London said that the demonetization of American silver had been expressly ordered by the Governors of the Bank of England, who had furthermore paid £100,000 ($500,000) in order to have a sufficient number of committee members of the US Congress dealing with financial matters bribed. This nefarious deed became known as the "Crime of 1873".
The forced abandonment of the people's money, silver, was also instituted in the German Empire when the government inexplicably ceased to mint silver thaler coins in 1871. There seems to be little doubt that this was part of a synchronised scheme coordinated by the Rothschilds in order to further entrench the gold standard. The gold standard wrought havoc on the American economy and enabled private bankers to withhold loans and restrict the money supply at will. There followed a series of unnaturally created panics or bank runs in 1873, 1884, 1890-1, 1893-4, 1897, 1903 and 1907. These artificially created bank runs so incensed President James Abram Garfield that shortly after he took office on 4 March 1881, he issued a statement in the middle of June of that year that he intended to master the problem, when he said the following:
"Whosoever controls the volume of money in any country is an absolute master of all industries and commerce... And when you realize that the entire system is very easily controlled, one way or another, by a few powerful men at the top, you will not have to be told how periods of inflation and depression originate".
Two weeks later Garfield was gunned down by "lone assassin" Charles J. Guiteau who had a grievance for not having received a diplomatic posting. Garfield did not die immediately, but as a result of improper medical care, quite possibly done so deliberately, lingered on until his death on 19 September 1881. At his trial the hidden hand of Rothschild was revealed when Guiteau claimed "that important men in Europe put him up to the task, and had promised to protect him if he were caught".
A History of Central Banking and the Enslavement of Mankind
14B.) The Second Bank of the United States
🔸The American Civil War (1861-1865) left the US government with a war debt of $5 billion. As a result of inflation these bonds had declined in value to $2.5 billion. Large quantities of these bonds were bought up by Rothschild's agent August Belmont 11211 in the hope of realising them at their face value in gold. In the 1868 presidential election, the Democratic Party candidate, George H. Pendleton, pledged payment only in paper. He was soon replaced by Horatio Seymour on the initiative of Belmont, who had assumed chairmanship of the Democratic National Committee in 1860. Seymour promised payment in specie.
However, when the Convention passed a resolution in favour of paper, Belmont was forced to switch sides and thereafter secretly supported the Republican candidate. General Ulysses S. Grant, used his part ownership of the New York World newspaper in order to denigrate and undermine the chances of Seymour. Grant won and on assuming office in 1869 he promptly introduced the Public Credit Act, which paid out the face value on the $5 billion worth of bonds in gold. This resulted in the Rothschilds and their associates making a 100% profit. The silver exchange was abolished and replaced by a gold standard by means of an Act Revising and Amending the Laws Relative to the Mints, Assay Offices and the Coinage of the United States.
On 17 January 1873 this act was passed by the Senate. According to a sworn affidavit of Mr. Frederick A. Luckenbach dated 9 May 1892, he had learnt from Mr. Ernest Seyd in London said that the demonetization of American silver had been expressly ordered by the Governors of the Bank of England, who had furthermore paid £100,000 ($500,000) in order to have a sufficient number of committee members of the US Congress dealing with financial matters bribed. This nefarious deed became known as the "Crime of 1873".
The forced abandonment of the people's money, silver, was also instituted in the German Empire when the government inexplicably ceased to mint silver thaler coins in 1871. There seems to be little doubt that this was part of a synchronised scheme coordinated by the Rothschilds in order to further entrench the gold standard. The gold standard wrought havoc on the American economy and enabled private bankers to withhold loans and restrict the money supply at will. There followed a series of unnaturally created panics or bank runs in 1873, 1884, 1890-1, 1893-4, 1897, 1903 and 1907. These artificially created bank runs so incensed President James Abram Garfield that shortly after he took office on 4 March 1881, he issued a statement in the middle of June of that year that he intended to master the problem, when he said the following:
"Whosoever controls the volume of money in any country is an absolute master of all industries and commerce... And when you realize that the entire system is very easily controlled, one way or another, by a few powerful men at the top, you will not have to be told how periods of inflation and depression originate".
Two weeks later Garfield was gunned down by "lone assassin" Charles J. Guiteau who had a grievance for not having received a diplomatic posting. Garfield did not die immediately, but as a result of improper medical care, quite possibly done so deliberately, lingered on until his death on 19 September 1881. At his trial the hidden hand of Rothschild was revealed when Guiteau claimed "that important men in Europe put him up to the task, and had promised to protect him if he were caught".
🧵Money-lenders timeline:
A History of Central Banking and the Enslavement of Mankind
15.) The US needs a Central Bank
🔸The 1907 panic had the worst effects. In early 1907 Jacob Schiff, CEO of Kuhn, Loeb & Co. warned that "Unless we have a Central Bank with adequate control of credit resources, this country is going to undergo the most severe and far reaching money panic in history." In October of that year JP Morgan, another Rothschild front man, set the panic in motion by circulating rumours that its rival, the Knickerbocker Bank and Trust Co. was insolvent. In the ensuing crash shares listed on the New York Stock Exchange lost 50% of their value. Further consequences of this deliberately induced panic were a 11% drop in industrial production the following year, a 26% rise in imports and an increase in unemployment from under 3% to 8%. It was these continual phases of artificially created boom and bust, inflation and deflation, which provided the motivation and pretext to set up a central bank, which would allegedly solve all these never ending problems for all time.
The panic of 1907:👇🏼
federalreservehistory.org/essays/panic-o…
A History of Central Banking and the Enslavement of Mankind
15.) The US needs a Central Bank
🔸The 1907 panic had the worst effects. In early 1907 Jacob Schiff, CEO of Kuhn, Loeb & Co. warned that "Unless we have a Central Bank with adequate control of credit resources, this country is going to undergo the most severe and far reaching money panic in history." In October of that year JP Morgan, another Rothschild front man, set the panic in motion by circulating rumours that its rival, the Knickerbocker Bank and Trust Co. was insolvent. In the ensuing crash shares listed on the New York Stock Exchange lost 50% of their value. Further consequences of this deliberately induced panic were a 11% drop in industrial production the following year, a 26% rise in imports and an increase in unemployment from under 3% to 8%. It was these continual phases of artificially created boom and bust, inflation and deflation, which provided the motivation and pretext to set up a central bank, which would allegedly solve all these never ending problems for all time.
The panic of 1907:👇🏼
federalreservehistory.org/essays/panic-o…
🧵 Money-lenders timeline:
A History of Central Banking and the Enslavement of Mankind.
16.) Establishment of the United States Federal Reserve Bank.
🔸In order to mislead the public two "alternative" plans were proposed. One was advanced by the National Monetary Commission under the leadership of Senator Nelson Aldrich (grandfather of Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller) and known as the Aldrich Plan. The other plan adopted by the Special Currency Committee of the New York Chamber of Commerce was under the chairmanship of Paul Warburg, a German Jewish banker, who was acting on behalf of the Rothschild interests headed by Baron Alfred Rothschild. It was known as the Wall Street Plan. Except for the distribution of reserves, both plans were identical and had as their aim the establishment of a central reserve bank.
On 22 November 1910 the banking conspirators included among others A. Piatt Andrew, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, Frank Vanderlip, president of the National City Bank of New York, Henry P. Davidson, senior partner JP Morgan and Company, Charles D Norton, president First National Bank of New York, Benjamin Strong, vice president Bankers Trust of New York and Paul Moritz Warburg, partner Kuhn, Foeb & Company, sneaked out of New York in Aldrich's Pullman car (with all its blinds drawn) from Hoboken, New Jersey railway station to Jekyll Island, Georgia.— At the very exclusive Jekyll Island Hunt Club owned by JP Morgan, the fate of the American people and indeed the world would be determined over the next ten days by the this group of criminally inclined financiers, who were also known as the First Name Club. Only first names were used so as not to reveal their identities to the staff.
Senator Robert Marion "Fighting Bob" La Follette who did all in his power to prevent passage of the Banking and Currency Bill and its planned enslavement of the American people. The bill to establish the United States Federal Reserve Bank was vehemently opposed by Congressman Charles August Lindbergh who said that: "This act establishes the most gigantic trust on earth, such as the Sherman Anti-Trust Act would dissolve if Congress did not by this act expressly create what by that act it prohibited. When the president signs this act the invisible government by the money power, proven to exist by the [Pujo] Money Trust investigation, will be legalized. The greatest crime of Congress is its currency system. The schemiest legislative crime of all ages is perpetuated by this new banking and currency bill.
In the event since the inception of the US Federal Reserve Bank in 1914, the US dollar has lost 97% of its purchasing power and there have been 19 recessions, the great depression of the 1930s and the current great recession which started in 2008, and notwithstanding main stream media propaganda to the contrary, appears to have all the symptoms of a depression. Since 1910 the National Debt has increased from $2.65 billion to $20 trillion in March 2017, while unfunded liabilities such as social security. Medicare and benefits for military veterans exceed $240 trillion.
The United States Federal Reserve Bank instead of functioning as the people's banker of the bankers, has operated solely as a private bank for the benefit of private bankers. It comes as no surprise that in its 104 years of existence its accounts have never been submitted to a public audit. The following are the bank's principal shareholders: Rothschild Banks of London and Berlin, Lazard Brothers Banks of Paris, Israel Moses Sieff Banks of Italy, Warburg Bank of Hamburg and Amsterdam, Shearson American Express, Goldman Sachs of New York, JP Morgan Chase Bank.
A History of Central Banking and the Enslavement of Mankind.
16.) Establishment of the United States Federal Reserve Bank.
🔸In order to mislead the public two "alternative" plans were proposed. One was advanced by the National Monetary Commission under the leadership of Senator Nelson Aldrich (grandfather of Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller) and known as the Aldrich Plan. The other plan adopted by the Special Currency Committee of the New York Chamber of Commerce was under the chairmanship of Paul Warburg, a German Jewish banker, who was acting on behalf of the Rothschild interests headed by Baron Alfred Rothschild. It was known as the Wall Street Plan. Except for the distribution of reserves, both plans were identical and had as their aim the establishment of a central reserve bank.
On 22 November 1910 the banking conspirators included among others A. Piatt Andrew, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, Frank Vanderlip, president of the National City Bank of New York, Henry P. Davidson, senior partner JP Morgan and Company, Charles D Norton, president First National Bank of New York, Benjamin Strong, vice president Bankers Trust of New York and Paul Moritz Warburg, partner Kuhn, Foeb & Company, sneaked out of New York in Aldrich's Pullman car (with all its blinds drawn) from Hoboken, New Jersey railway station to Jekyll Island, Georgia.— At the very exclusive Jekyll Island Hunt Club owned by JP Morgan, the fate of the American people and indeed the world would be determined over the next ten days by the this group of criminally inclined financiers, who were also known as the First Name Club. Only first names were used so as not to reveal their identities to the staff.
Senator Robert Marion "Fighting Bob" La Follette who did all in his power to prevent passage of the Banking and Currency Bill and its planned enslavement of the American people. The bill to establish the United States Federal Reserve Bank was vehemently opposed by Congressman Charles August Lindbergh who said that: "This act establishes the most gigantic trust on earth, such as the Sherman Anti-Trust Act would dissolve if Congress did not by this act expressly create what by that act it prohibited. When the president signs this act the invisible government by the money power, proven to exist by the [Pujo] Money Trust investigation, will be legalized. The greatest crime of Congress is its currency system. The schemiest legislative crime of all ages is perpetuated by this new banking and currency bill.
In the event since the inception of the US Federal Reserve Bank in 1914, the US dollar has lost 97% of its purchasing power and there have been 19 recessions, the great depression of the 1930s and the current great recession which started in 2008, and notwithstanding main stream media propaganda to the contrary, appears to have all the symptoms of a depression. Since 1910 the National Debt has increased from $2.65 billion to $20 trillion in March 2017, while unfunded liabilities such as social security. Medicare and benefits for military veterans exceed $240 trillion.
The United States Federal Reserve Bank instead of functioning as the people's banker of the bankers, has operated solely as a private bank for the benefit of private bankers. It comes as no surprise that in its 104 years of existence its accounts have never been submitted to a public audit. The following are the bank's principal shareholders: Rothschild Banks of London and Berlin, Lazard Brothers Banks of Paris, Israel Moses Sieff Banks of Italy, Warburg Bank of Hamburg and Amsterdam, Shearson American Express, Goldman Sachs of New York, JP Morgan Chase Bank.
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