In 1990 a tiny tribe of Native Americans donated some blood samples to researchers at Arizona State University, to try and understand their soaring rates of diabetes.
The controversy that followed went on to shape Native American DNA research and modern bioethics.
In 2003 one of the tribe, the Havasupai, attended a doctoral presentation, and discovered that their previously donated blood had been used for purposes other than diabetes research.
All hell broke loose. A university investigation uncovered about 12 papers that had used the blood research data in some way over the last 10 years.
Two particularly egregious studies involved analysing the Havasupai blood for markers of schizophrenia, and claiming that their genetics proved the tribe migrated from elsewhere, contrary to their beliefs.
The tribe sued ASU and the lead geneticist, Dr Teri Markow. It's hard to know how many claims were filed and pursued, how many courts, private investigators and committees were involved, but the line was clear - the Havasupai did not consent to research beyond diabetes.
The outcome was a financial settlement, and the right for the Havasupai to reclaim their samples, which they did, with great solemnity and ritual.
The media ran multiple gleeful stories: the Phoenix New Times led with “Indian Givers, The Havasupai trusted the white man to help with a diabetes epidemic. Instead, ASU tricked them into bleeding for academia.” The narrative was too perfect to let up.
The story has entered the textbooks as a classic example of postcolonial exploitation, bioethical injustice and inequality.
The only trouble is - how much of this story is true?
In 2013 a piece appeared on PLOS blog entitled 'Is the Havasupai Indian Case a Fairy Tale?'
In it the author defends Markow, detailing how many of the claims against her are based on flimsy to non-existent evidence.
The first paper based on the blood samples back in 1993 had looked for variation in HLA genes across the group, as a way of producing some early evidence for genetic susceptibility to diabetes. Was this the evidence for research into schizophrenia?
Rather than ignoring diabetes, which was a central claim of the Havasupai, the infamous 2003 doctoral presentation was a look at DNA microsatellites and how they could reveal associations with diabetes. But an irate anthropologist had decided this was not acceptable.
Far from secretly studying schizophrenia, Markow claimed that she had denied permission for a student to use the samples for exactly that.
The Havasupai and other academics believed that Markow had been lying from the very beginning, that the original diabetes study in 1990 was a cover for schizophrenia research.
Well, was it? That 1993 paper was part funded by a grant from the National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression.
The exact details of the grant appear to have been lost to time, or misplaced? Markow's defenders say grants are fairly flexible, her detractors point to letters of intention, letters which mention schizophrenia research on the Havasupai.
The controversy hasn't stopped Markow from pursuing a distinguished career, and few people are interested in digging up the details again. We'll likely never know the whole story...
What is clear is that the case has impacted early genetic studies involving Native Americans, which is a huge shame since modern genomics holds so much potential for health, fertility and longevity.
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On May 4th 2021, the Ugandan Parliament passed the The Prevention and Prohibition of Human Sacrifice Bill - a piece of legislation aimed at stamping out the pervasive problem of child sacrifice in the country.
A quick thread on how it's been going in Uganda since then:
'Hunting dogs lead police to den of human sacrifices'
The data is difficult to gather but maybe two children a week are abducted and ritually murdered in the country.
The reasons behind it are varied, usually to bring luck and fortune to a particular endeavour - an election, a new business or growing a church community
The story of the Arctic Dorset people, Palaeo-Eskimos who lived in Canada between ~ 700 BC to ~ 1200 AD, is quite well known now. They disappeared in the face of the advancing Thule Inuit. But - what if some of them survived in some isolated form until recent times?
Dorset culture technology was more limited compared to the Thule. They didn't hunt whales, use dogs or use bows-and-arrows. Instead they were masters of hunting seals. The broader diet of the Inuit certainly helped them move into and conquer a climatically unstable Arctic.
We don't know exactly what happened between the Thule Inuit and the Dorset (the Inuit called them Tuniit), but oral legends speak of the reluctance of the Dorset to fight and their rage at losing their hunting grounds.
The power of Orkney during the late Neolithic period is best seen through the movement of grooved ware pottery and the associated ritual package. This map shows the locations of grooved ware pottery finds, expanding outwards from Orkney down the coast and over to Ireland...
The enduring story of Tasmanian aboriginal cultural decline includes the fact that they stopped eating fish around 2000 BC, or worse - that they lost or forgot the skills to do so.
Let's examine this claim 🧵
The origin of the claim is two-fold, firstly ethnographic evidence from Europeans on Tasmania, who observed that the inhabitants ate no fish, and secondly an absence of fish in the archaeological record starting around 1,800 BC.
The famous researcher, Rhys Jones, excavated two caves at Rocky Cape on Tasmania's northwest coast during the 1960's, concluding that seal and fish bones were predominant in older middens, but absent later on. This was corroborated elsewhere on the island.
Thread of some unusual mixed peoples from around the world
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Hakka or Chinese-Jamaicans are the descendants of Chinese workers brought to Jamaica in the 1850s. Genetically there are more paternal Chinese markers in the population than maternal.
Lemba Jews - the Lemba are a southern African ethnic group with Semitic male ancestry. Some practice a variant of Judaism. Genetically the Lemba have a mix of Y-haplogroups such as J and the CHM marker.
In 2008 a team of geneticists met with leaders of the Uros people, in a hotel lobby in Puno, Peru.
They had travelled from their artificial floating island homes on Lake Titicaca.
They had come to find out if science backed them up - were they the oldest people in the Andes?
The modern Uros people are a tiny remnant of a large group which lived along the waterways in the Andes. After persecution from the Aymara and then the Inca, the Uros retreated to the interior of the lake - using reeds to build islands, houses and boats.
The water world of the reeds allowed them to escape the Inca, but they were relegated to the lowest rung of the Andean social hierarchy. They were believed to be people who were born before the sun, with black blood - a different kind of human being.