Ben Southwood Profile picture
Jun 23, 2024 7 tweets 3 min read Read on X
Coming from a country with a strong communitarian ethos based on solidarity, safety, equality, and minimising risk of harm or upset, the UK, it’s interesting to visit one with a national character more based around freedom, independence, and progress at any cost, France. 🧵
The UK has very low speed limits — the top one is only around 110kmh, and these are enforced aggressively with radars and cameras to make sure few die on roads. By contrast the top French speed limit is about 82mph, and it is rarely enforced. The priority is on speedy movement.
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You actually reach these speeds because motorways are tolled. I spent €60 on tolls today; in exchange I put the cruise control on at 130kph for hours at a time. French attitude to paying for good things is relaxed. In egalitarian UK, the public prefers equal traffic for all.
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This extends to infra like tunnels. I went about 10km underneath Paris today, part of the A86 (one of Paris’s three ring roads) — for which I paid €9, reflecting the more ruggedly individualistic, swashbuckling attitude the French have. No traffic. Wish we had same in London!
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This is also reflected in attitude to risk vs progress. In the UK we shy away from things considered ‘risky’ like nuclear power, preferring higher electricity prices and lower energy consumption. France is a ‘more more more’ country, willing to take disruptive risks.
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The same attitude is clear with growth. The UK has a strong view to protect its countryside and prevent industrial and residential growth. London has grown around 2% in extent since 1938. Paris has tripled. This is visible everywhere. Image
As an Englishman, I am obviously biased and have a soft spot for our conservatism and social solidarity, but my trip makes me wonder whether we could learn from the French and their individualistic, libertarian national ethos, and by being slightly more relaxed about risk.

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More from @bswud

Mar 26
Cars use a lot of land. Despite this, many cities depend entirely on the car and get by fine. This can all be explained with one 1963 paper by RJ Smeed, the British transport planner who invented 'Smeed's Law'. This paper shocked me and changed my worldview! 🧵 Image
Start by assuming *everyone* commutes to work by car. This is the land-hungriest option possible. Going by rail, because it is faster than walking, uses the least – 1 sqft. Then walking. then a bus. All the way to a car with driver only which needs up to 100 sqft. Image
Let's assume that everyone works in the city centre, which is a circle, and lives in the suburbs, which are a doughnut around that circle. Image
Read 18 tweets
Sep 23, 2024
Since 1990, France has built more motorway than the entirety we have in the UK. None of this has cost the French government a centime – private companies fronted the capital, and those driving pay for them through tolls. And their top speed limit is 11mph higher!
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This relentless drive to build is why France is more productive than the UK per hour, and approximately as rich as the UK, despite regulation, taxes, and unions
Toll roads are not foreign to Britain. In 1600 Britain’s roads had deteriorated so far that they were worse than during the reign of King Alfred. By 1750 we had the finest roads in Europe. All due to tolling. Image
Read 4 tweets
Sep 23, 2024
Before 1940, housing in the UK got cheaper like any other good, as technology made land more productive (steel frames, reinforced concrete, electric lifts), and more interchangeable (buses, trams, cars, roads, railways). That all stopped after the Second World War. 🧵 Image
In 1938, local councils had the power to plan, and the right to refuse any development they liked, just as now. But after the Second World War, two things changed. Both dramatically reduced the incentive for councils to grant permissions. The results are famous. Image
Before 1938, councils were obliged to pay compensation if they reduced development rights below the national standard of (roughly) development. They could do this in the country, where land was inaccessible and low value, but it was expensive to refuse permission near cities.
Read 8 tweets
Sep 22, 2024
In just five years, the UK's Central Electricity Board built the National Grid, with 4,000 miles of cables, and 26,000 pylons. In 1937, a group of impatient, rebellions engineers switched the connections on without permission. The price of electricity collapsed. Image
By 1932 our government scrapped mortgage regulations and First World War-era rent controls, leading to ourmost dramatic ever housing boom. Growth was so rapid (and America's Great Depression so deep) that for one year, we were the richest country in the world again.
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During the same time we built an enormous number of new roads, extended tubes and railways, and more.
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Read 5 tweets
Aug 7, 2024
The main two ways that cities have expanded in history are speculative outward growth, and steady urban and suburban intensification. But there is a third way: masterplanned new towns. If done well, new towns can be a brilliant way of growing cities. 🧵 Image
Everyone is familiar with speculative developer-led outward growth, of which there are thousands of acres around all major cities, from London’s Victorian and Edwardian railway suburbs to American ‘sprawl’.

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Urban and suburban intensification are familiar too, having created the revered apartment blocks of New York’s Upper West Side, the mansion apartments of Chelsea and Marylebone, and these pictured blocks in Vienna.
Read 17 tweets
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In the 2000s we discovered an amazing tool to literally bring inventions from the far future forward to the present, or near future. Despite its huge power we have barely used it since. So Works in Progress has produced a practical easy-to-follow guide that anyone could copy. 🧵 Image
In 2007, Gavi, funded by the UK govt and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, promised Big Pharma that if they invented a vaccine for pneuomococcal disease they would buy it. By 2011, GSK and Pfizer had met their specifications. So far this vaccine has saved 700,000 lives. Image
This mechanism to buy inventions from the future is called an 'advance market commitment'. Basically, you say you'll buy something if companies or scientists can invent it and produce enough for you. It's part of a broad range of 'market-shaping mechanisms' Image
Read 10 tweets

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