Quick thread 🧵 with my 10 favorite online resources for reading Arabic
Thread inspired by @deepcutiqtibas 's tool Ishtiqāq, which allows you to run a wildcard search for words when you aren't sure about one (or more) of the letters - very useful when reading hard-to-decipher manuscripts
Although designed for Ottoman Turkish, I use LexiQamus for the same thing (deciphering words in manuscripts). Since Ottoman has tens of thousands of Arabic loans, it can still be useful for reading Arabic (or Persian, etc.) lexiqamus.com/en
The most indispensable dictionary for me is Arabic Almanac which lets you quickly search Hans Wehr, Lane's Lexicon, Lisan al-ʿArab, Steingass, and other dictionaries by root ejtaal.net/aa
The Living Arabic project is another great way to search multiple dictionaries. It's especially good for colloquial Arabic, but its classical Arabic dictionary is also useful as it allows you to search full words, not just roots livingarabic.com
If you aren't great at Arabic morphology (ṣarf) and can't always analyze a word and break it down into its parts, Aratools is essential. You can search by word, even if fully conjugated with prefixes, suffixes, etc. and still get a definition and the root aratools.com
The Doha Historical Dictionary is an amazing resource for looking up the history of a word and its earliest attestations - something like the Oxford English Dictionary, but for Arabic dohadictionary.org
For anything Qurʾan related the Quranic Arabic Corpus is incredible. You can read or search the entire Qurʾan with syntactic and morphological details for every single word, and much more. I love the syntax trees for every verse corpus.quran.com
For rarer words, the Arabic Lexicon is a great way to search additional dictionaries - crucial for reading classical texts arabiclexicon.hawramani.com
Finally, I have to plug Anki, the best flashcard app out there. Whenever I look up/learn a new word in Arabic, I make a flashcard for it. I've used Anki consistently, rarely missing a day since I first got hooked in 2011, and it has helped me enormously apps.ankiweb.net
There are tons of other resources out there, but these are my favorites—I use several of them pretty much every day when reading Arabic. Hope they'll prove as useful to you as they have been for me!
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My translation of Mohammad-Taqi Bahār's introduction to his Sabkshenāsi (Stylistics, 1942) is out now in the Journal of Persianate Studies.
A short thread 🧵 about this massively influential work. 1/7
Stylistics was the first textbook for the new doctoral program in Persian literature at the University of Tehran. It was a groundbreaking work of philology, incorporating traditional knowledge + Orientalist linguistics. 2/7
It helped establish an 'Iranian' literary canon, including things written not only in New Persian but in Old Persian, Avestan, Middle Persian, Arabic, and other languages. 3/7
In India "hotel" often refers to a restaurant. This is not an innovation; it's actually preserved an older sense of the word. A thread 🧵on the #etymology of "hotel" in South Asia. 1/
English hotel is from French hôtel, from Middle French hostel. The Middle French word is also the source of English hostel. In French, the circumflex (eg. ô) usually marks the historic presence of a consonant like s. Another example is forêt, which was forest in Middle French. 2/
The French is from medieval Latin hospitāle "guesthouse" (think "hospitality"). All of these words—hotel, hostel, hospital—originally referred to inns or shelters for travelers to stay and rest. 3/
This extremely cool video features rappers from all 31 provinces of Iran, with many regional dialects and languages represented. A thread on the video and on the politics of language in Iran. 1/
First, the video itself: 39 rappers in total, took 2 years to make. The clip I posted features Azerbaijani, Balochi, Mazandarani, & Persian, but there are so many more in the full video. Watch it here (there are Persian & English subtitles available): 2/
Most rap in their native languages, dressed in both traditional regional clothing and contemporary streetwear. The music uses local instruments for each rapper, while the background images showcase the geography and architecture of their respective regions. 3/
In many languages the queen chess piece is called by a word derived from the Persian farzān/farzīn (source of Arabic فرزان firzān, Russian ферзь ferz', Mongolian ᠪᠡᠷᠰᠡ berse, Uzbek farzin, even Middle English fers !) A thread on the #etymology of this interesting word. 1/9
This word appears as frazēn in Middle Persian sources on chess. The piece wasn't exactly the same as today's queen, but a precursor from an earlier form of chess. It could only move one square diagonally. There is disagreement as to what "frazēn" originally meant. 2/
The disagreement boils down to whether frazēn meant something like "guard" or "counselor/minister". Either way, it later came to be associated with New Persian words for learned/wise, counselor/minister: farzān, farzīn, farzāna, etc. (along with other terms eg. dastūr, vazīr). 3/