LiorLefineder Profile picture
Jul 15 5 tweets 3 min read Read on X
Dead Cities of the Byzantine Empire.
"Dead Cities are a group of 700 abandoned settlements in northwest Syria between Aleppo and Idlib...Most of the villages, which date from the 1st to 7th centuries, were abandoned between the 8th and 10th centuries."


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If around 200 people lived in each settlement, the area would have once had a population of 140,000 people.
For comparison, a large study of Germanic villages from the early Middle Ages found around 200 people per village. Image

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More from @lefineder

Jul 12
Slavic expansion thread.
Timing of the splits between Slavic groups based on Linguistic and DNA analysis.
"Proto-Slavic break-up is dated to around 100 A.D., which correlates with the archaeological assessment of Slavic population in the early 1st millennium A.D. being spread on a large territory"Image
"Then, in the 5th and 6th centuries A.D., these three Slavic branches almost simultaneously divided into sub-branches, which corresponds to the fast spread of the Slavs through Eastern Europe and the Balkans"
a) PC1vsPC3 plot based on autosomal SNPs
b) MDS based on NRY data
c) MDS based on mtDNA data Image
Read 20 tweets
Jul 7
The Germanic Expansions.
In the Migration Era, there was a large-scale expansion of people with "South Scandanavian" Ancestry across Europe. Image
"Scandinavian ancestry in most of the Langobards is from Southern Scandinavia, consistent with post-classical origin legends"
"earliest individuals from Wielbark, Poland are primarily of Eastern Scandinavian ancestry...a scenario potentially consistent with Gothic oral history" Image
The ancient historians were right
Here's Jordanes, who is himself a Goth:
"Now from this island of Scandza, as from a hive
of races or a womb of nations, the Goths are said to have come forth long ago" - Getica, 551 AD Image
Read 10 tweets
Jul 3
Here is the amount of times various groups of "Sea People" are mentioned in Egyptian primary sources.
The Sherden is a little-known group that would come to have an enormous influence over Egypt and actually own much of the country. Image
I have a thread about them. The gist is that they're a group of ancient Sardinians who would become the backbone of the Egyptian army and end up owning 10% of the Agricultural land in Egypt.
The sources and the Sea people from "the philistines and other “sea peoples” in text and archaeology"
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Read 4 tweets
Jun 23
In "a letter written by a Sogdian merchant named Nanaivande dating to the year 313 AD...Nanaivande without any ambiguity calls the Xiongnu Huns"
"It's now perfectly clear that the imperial Xiongnu of Mongolia & China and the European-Central Asian Huns had exactly the same name" Image
Plus genetics on the origin of the Huns
Read 8 tweets
Jun 22
Personal names of Huns mentioned in Greco-Roman sources.
From those names you can learn about the Hunnic language, it is most closely related to old Turkish. Image
Attila's name was an old Turkish title that meant something like "the universal ruler", a title that was also mentioned for a pecheneg ruler. Image
His father's name, muncuq, meant Jewel and is related to a turkish legend surviving in Old Uighur art forms about a gem/jewel kept in the mouth of a dargon. Image
Read 7 tweets
May 18
Between 1468-1604, 60% of Bosnians converted to Islam. Due to the jizya tax those villages which were the poorest in the 1468 ottoman tax register had the highest share of Muslims in the 1604 register.
Differential conversation of the poorest to Islam created persistent differences between Christians and Muslims that exist to this day.Image
Income per households in the 1468 ottoman tax register is still predictive of the share of muslims in latter period, from the Austro-Hungarian period to modern Bosnia. Image
"moving from zero income to the sample average decreases the share of Muslims households by 23 percentage" Image
Read 10 tweets

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