Is Noah's flood in the Quran portrayed as global or local? Here are some arguments defending the idea the Quran portrays a local flood:
The Quranic account consistently refers to the flood as an event involving Noah and his people specifically. For example, Q11:25 states: "And we had sent Noah to his people (saying): 'I am to you a clear warner.'"
Noah addresses only his own people, repeatedly using phrases like "O my people!" (Q10:71, Q11:28-30). The Quran makes no explicit mention of other nations or populations being impacted.
When describing the fate of those who rejected Noah's message, the language suggests a specific group. Q7:64 says: "But they rejected him and We delivered him and those with him in the ark, and we drowned those who rejected Our signs. They were indeed a people who were blind."
Does the Quran state all of humanity stems from Noah? The Quran's description of the survivors as successors seems to be framed in the context of Noah's specific community:
Q10:73-74: "And they denied him, so We saved him and those who were with him in the ark and made them successors, and We drowned those who denied Our signs. Then see how was the end of those who were warned. Then We sent after him Messengers to their people..."
I feel that while the Quran identifies some groups as descendants of those on the Ark, it does not claim all humanity descends from them. Q17:1-5 indicates that the Children of Israel were descendants of Noah for example.
The Quranic description of the flood does not necessitate a global event covering all mountains. The text in Q11:42-43 mentions Noah's son seeking refuge on a mountain, but this doesn't require the floodwaters to reach the mountain tops.
Furthermore, some have argued that the Arabic word "harim" (often translated as "mountains") can also mean "high hills" or simply "hills".
One might say that the flood definitely had to be as tall as mountains, because the ark is said to have landed on Mount Judi. Not so fast!
Q11:44 states: "And it came to rest 'alaa'l juwdiyyi." While this is often translated as "on Mount Judi," the Arabic preposition "'alaa" can also mean "at" or "near." Just as the phrase "'alaa baabihi" means "at his door" rather than "on top of his door," we can understand...
the Ark as coming to rest "at" or "near" Judi, rather than necessarily on its peak. This point removes the need to explain how the Ark could have physically landed on a mountaintop, which would imply extremely high water levels.
The "Young Earth Creationism" movement is a recent phenomenon and brings with it new elements not widely accepted by early Christian thinkers. However, it should be stated that the idea of using biblical texts to come up with an age of the world isn't new or unique at all:
"The Epistle of Barnabas" (80-120 CE) states the world will end when the world is 6000 years old
In his "To Autolycus, Book III", Theophilus of Antioch (d. 183) writes:
I have been told by some that the tall buildings prophecy in the hadith literature is actually more specific and not general in its descriptions because we have reports that state where the tall buildings will be built (Mecca) and how tall they will be (talller than mountains):
First, the reports referenced are attributed to companions and are NOT raised to the Prophet. One can postulate that the content of the reports ultimately came from the Prophet, but that is speculative. As per traditional terminology, these are not Prophetic Hadith.
There are two companions who have reports attributed to them about the buildings in Mecca (and its connection to the end times): Abdullah ibn Umar and Abdullah ibn ‘Amr ibn al-Aāṣ, and the reports are found in six sources as per islamicsystem.blogspot.com/2022/01/authen…
Some notes on the moon splitting story from Uri Rubin's “Muhammad’s message in Mecca: warnings, signs, and miracles":
In the Qur'an, Muhammad is depicted as a mortal prophet/warner, with the Qur'an itself as his only miracle. As evidence, Rubin points to verses that state: "I am only a plain warner" (Q 29:50); he is "just a mortal of flesh and blood (bashar)" (Q 17:93; 18:110; 41:6), etc.
Later extra-Qur'anic sources portray Muhammad supernatural abilities and miracles to equal or surpass those of other prophets. As a case study, Rubin analyzes the narrative of Muhammad splitting the moon in two (Q 54:1-2).
I read the article "Pseudepigraphy and group formation in Second Temple Judaism" by John Collins which goes over how Jewish groups used Daniel, Enoch, and Moses as mouthpieces for their ex eventu prophecies, to legitimize their sects.
The reason I was interested in this article in particular is because I wanted to understand how Hebrew prophecy operated. I have seen conversations online that perhaps a lot (or maybe even all) of Hebrew prophecy is "conditional" instead of more deterministic like fortune-telling
Collins discusses various Jewish pseudepigraphic writings from the Second Temple period, such as parts of 1 Enoch, Daniel, Jubilees, and 4Q390.
Paula Fredriksen titles Chapter 5 of her book "Paul: The Pagans' Apostle" as "Christ and the Kingdom", and speaks in some depth about Paul's eschatological beliefs. Here are some notes:
Paul was convinced, based on his visionary experience of the risen Christ, that the end of the ages was at hand and that Christ would soon return to establish God's kingdom.
This is clear from his letters, such as 1 Thessalonians 4:15-18, where he says "We who are alive...will be snatched up together with them in the clouds, meeting the Lord in the air." He lived in eager expectation of this coming event.
Michael E. Pregill's new paper (which he will send to you if you request it, though I happened to obtain it from someone else), “From the Mishnah to Muḥammad: Jewish Traditions of Late Antiquity and the Composition of the Qur’an" has some interesting insights:
Pregill examines how the Quran engages with biblical and parabiblical material in 3 ways:
1. Diffusion of biblical folklore 2. Appropriation and liturgical reshaping 3. Rescripting specific written sources
Diffusion mode: indirect, gradual spread of biblical stories into Arabia. E.g. very basic version of Noah's story in Quran 26, conveying core narrative in simplified form. Reflects limited biblical knowledge.