On May 4th 2021, the Ugandan Parliament passed the The Prevention and Prohibition of Human Sacrifice Bill - a piece of legislation aimed at stamping out the pervasive problem of child sacrifice in the country.
A quick thread on how it's been going in Uganda since then:
'Hunting dogs lead police to den of human sacrifices'
The data is difficult to gather but maybe two children a week are abducted and ritually murdered in the country.
The reasons behind it are varied, usually to bring luck and fortune to a particular endeavour - an election, a new business or growing a church community
Sometimes the killing is done to order by a 'professional' witch doctor and the remains curated in a shrine.
Other times people take it into their own hands.
'Mayuge man suspected of killing wife in ritual sacrifice arrested'
Despite the new law and a raft of anti-sacrifice and anti-kidnapping work, the practice still continues.
The new law has seen some results, with successful prosecutions brought against witch doctors and others involved in these murders.
Not just the act itself, but purchasing body parts was made illegal under the new law.
Rural areas are more affected than urban, with more traditional beliefs about witchcraft and magic persisting in small agricultural villages.
Survivor stories have been told around the world, recounting distressing tales of being abducted and mutilated. Sometimes witch doctors target limbs or genitals rather than a whole child, and some lucky individuals manage to escape and survive.
Despite this being a reality of life in Uganda, so much so that they passed a specific law against it, western academics have been very reluctant to accept that child sacrifice occurs at all.
This one from a few days ago shows that human sacrifice is still thriving in Uganda, and the authorities have a way to go yet to abolish both the beliefs and the practice.
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The 'Maharashtra Prevention and Eradication of Human Sacrifice, other Inhuman and Aghori Practices and Black Magic Act, 2013' is a piece of Indian legislation aimed at tackling the problem of religious human sacrifice and other similar activities 👇🧵
The specific clauses of the act cover a range of magical and religious acts that could lead to harm, death or manipulation - eg coercive sex or theft of money. The list is so specific you have to imagine each of these things has been reported before.
The origins of the bill go back to 2003 and every step of the legislative process has faced fierce opposition. One of its greatest advocates, Dr Narendra Dabholkar, was shot dead in 2013 by Hindu nationalists.
Neoliberalism is a very popular word in academia, but what is it supposed to mean and how is it actually used? Why is it deployed to explain everything from occultic organ harvesting circles to musical entrepreneurship? 🧵
Let us start with some definitions. Although heavily debated the definition of neoliberalism is supposed to be - the extension of the market to all parts of public life, a strong (but minimal?) state to facilitate this, and firm belief in individual agency.
How has this definition come to be used in academia and research though? Here's a few examples drawn at random from google scholar:
Using 'food justice' to fight against racial neoliberalism and mass incarceration...
In AD 256 a unit of Roman miners led a counterattack against their Sasanian besiegers at the city of Dura-Europos.
What happened next has been recorded in minute detail by archaeologists, and remains amongst the earliest and most horrifying uses of chemical weapons in war 🧵
The fortified city of Dura-Europos on the Syrian Euphrates had been founded by the Seleucids. After falling to the Parthians and then the Romans in AD 165, it became an important outpost and border fort, somewhere between a town and a military garrison.
The Sasanian siege of AD 256 under Shapur I was part of their expansion and warfare against the Roman Empire, although no documentation of the siege has survived, if it ever existed.
In Oct 2012 a strange object was found whilst a canal was being drained in western Massachusetts. A cauldron - filled with railroad spikes, a knife, coins, herbs, a padlock and a human skull.
Welcome to the world of Palo Mayombe in America 🧵
Afro-syncretic religions in the Americas are plentiful, and include some well known examples like Santeria, Haitian Voodoo and Rastafari. These religions are a mix of native African and American beliefs, Islam, Christianity and Judaism.
The exact 'flavour' of these diaspora religions often depends on which African peoples they originated with - for example Santeria is derived in part from the Yoruban religions of West Africa.
In 2015 British officials travelled to Nigeria to help track down a witchdoctor who had used a juju magical oath to prevent trafficked girls in Britain from testifying against a smuggling gang.
Why did this happen? 🧵
The trafficking of young women and girls from Nigeria into Europe for the sex trade and cheap labour increased dramatically after the death of Gaddafi and Libya's descent into anarchy.
Slave markets and human trafficking exploded in Libya in the absence of governmental control. Young girls can easily be bought and sold here, and sent from Africa to Italy and then into Europe.
How do you legislate against a belief in witchcraft? If you genuinely believe your neighbour is trying to kill you with black magic, do you have the right to use violence against them?
Let's take a look at how the 'reasonable belief' test has been applied in Africa 🧵
First off, how many people are killed as suspected witches every year in Africa? That's hard to say, but some estimates from South Africa alone suggest many thousands.
Anglophone African countries possess many types of anti-witchcraft legislation, leftover from British colonial rule. Murder relating to witchcraft and sorcery was clearly rife enough that colonial administrators required specific laws to deal with it.