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David Lingenfelter, PhD Profile picture
@dlingenfelter
Nov 4 • 1 tweets • 1 min read • Read on X
COVID-19 rapidly increases senescent and exhausted T cells, particularly CD4 and CD8 T cells.

Both mild and severe COVID-19 cases showed increased markers of T-cell exhaustion and senescence with more pronounced changes in severe cases.
academic.oup.com/jleukbio/advan…

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More from @dlingenfelter

David Lingenfelter, PhD Profile picture
Sep 30
Long Covid is caused by the disruption of the peripheral tissue blood supply. This disruption in turn is caused by both microvascular loss and by hemodynamic decrease.

Tissue blood supply in post-Covid patients was reduced by half.
mdpi.com/2075-1729/14/9…
A hemodynamic decrease refers to a reduction in the efficiency or effectiveness of blood flow through the circulatory system. Image
The estimated blood supply reduction for multiple tissues, based on the combination of microvascular loss and hemodynamic decrease data, reached 47%. ​

This significant reduction in blood supply is proposed to be the principal cause of Long COVID symptoms. Image
Read 5 tweets
David Lingenfelter, PhD Profile picture
Jan 8
SARS-CoV-2 causes post-exertional malaise.

Metabolic dysfunction, amyloid-containing deposit accumulation, and SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid presence in skeletal muscle of long COVID patients may contribute to the development of post-exertional malaise.
nature.com/articles/s4146…
Symptoms of PEM can include debilitating fatigue, body pain, muscle weakness, cognitive dysfunction, flu-like symptoms, unrefreshing sleep, headaches, migraines, chronic pain, muscle pain, orthostatic intolerance, and neurally mediated hypotension or POTS.
Metabolic function (OXPHOS) was lower in patients with long COVID and remained lower one day after induction of post-exertional malaise. Mitochondrial density (SDH) was reduced after induction of post-exertional malaise in long COVID patients. Image
Read 6 tweets
David Lingenfelter, PhD Profile picture
Jan 6
SARS-CoV-2 causes more damage to your immune system than HIV.

Both viruses induced a reduction in B cells and CD4+ T cells, but SARS-CoV-2 infection caused a more severe reduction in total T cells, CD8+ T cells, and NK cells than HIV infection.
researchgate.net/publication/34…
Here are the details. Image
Here's what Bing Copilot said about the article. Image
Read 4 tweets
David Lingenfelter, PhD Profile picture
Dec 28, 2023
SARS-CoV-2 spreads through the air like smoke.

In modern times, the idea of airborne transmission of disease faced decades of resistance. This article 👇describes the long and complex history of its (re)emergence.🧵
papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cf…
Image
For most of human history, diseases were thought to be transmitted by bad air or miasmas, often over long distances. This theory was challenged by germ theory in the 19th century, which identified specific microorganisms as the cause of diseases.
In 1910, Charles Chapin proposed that most diseases were transmitted by contact infection, either by direct contact or by close proximity. He dismissed airborne transmission as a negligible factor and influenced the public health field for decades.
Read 20 tweets
David Lingenfelter, PhD Profile picture
Aug 23, 2023
The endothelium is part of your vascular system, and it plays an important role in maintaining your health. Here is a 🧵 about what the endothelium is, what it does, how SARS-CoV-2 harms it, and what that means for your health. (1/n) Image
What is the endothelium and what does it do?

"The endothelium is a thin layer of flat epithelial cells that lines the heart, serous cavities, lymph vessels, and blood vessels. Endothelial cells form the barrier between vessels and tissue." (2/n)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endotheli…
What is endotheliitis?

"Endotheliitis is an immune response within the endothelium in blood vessels, in which they become inflamed. The condition can cause swelling of the surrounding tissue, and can cause irritation and pain." (3/n)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endotheli…
Read 16 tweets
David Lingenfelter, PhD Profile picture
Aug 20, 2023
Lymphocytes are part of your immune system, and they play an important role in protecting your health. Here is a 🧵 of what lymphocytes are, what they do, how SARS-CoV-2 harms them, and what that means for your health. (1/n)
What lymphocytes are.

"A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell (leukocyte) in the immune system of most vertebrates. The three major types of lymphocytes are T cells, B cells and natural killer (NK) cells."
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocyte
What lymphocytes do.

-B cells make antibodies that help your body fight infections.
-T cells attack foreign cells, cancer cells, and cells infected with a virus.
-NK cells contain substances that can kill tumor cells or cells infected with a virus. (3/n)
urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/c…
Read 14 tweets

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