Stone Age Herbalist Profile picture
Nov 8 12 tweets 5 min read Read on X
"Each month millions of Argentine
ants die along battlefronts that extend for miles around San Diego, where clashes occur with three other colonies in wars that may have been going on since the species arrived in the state a
century ago"

Some notes on ant warfare 🧵 Image
Many are aware that a world war between Argentine ant supercolonies is currently underway, across multiple continents, and against multiple ant 'nations'. Image
Ant conflict differs from species to species and from scenario to scenario. Some use sheer numbers in tight phalanx-like organisations to swamp the enemy, which may include ants many times their individual size. Image
The species of the aggressor matters - when researchers placed a single dead slave-making ant into a slave-host colony for 5 mins, the response was extreme aggression against almost all neighbours for three days, most especially against slave-taking ants. Image
Treating known neighbours or strangers with more hostility is a strategic choice that ant colonies must make, and these choices often determine how aggressive a colony will be. Image
Image
Ants that cannot afford huge losses with each battle might opt for ranged weapons such as chemical attacks or dropping stones onto the enemy's heads and nest entrances. Image
Image
Slave making ants are usually outnumbered when they raid other nests. In order to successfully capture the brood to raise in their own nest they must pacify the defenders, which is often done using pheromones to sow confusion and discord amongst the ranks. Image
Certain mathematical models derived from human conflicts can explain the success of swamping the enemy with large numbers of disposable soldiers. Image
That said, some species prefer stronger individuals, and may even use personal champion style duels whilst fighting. Leaving the battlefield for the night and returning in the daylight has also been documented during large scale conflicts. Image
I may add some more notes as I read. Some of the papers go into marvellous detail on the tactics and change in fighting styles over many days of warfare. Image

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More from @Paracelsus1092

Nov 16
In AD 256 a unit of Roman miners led a counterattack against their Sasanian besiegers at the city of Dura-Europos.

What happened next has been recorded in minute detail by archaeologists, and remains amongst the earliest and most horrifying uses of chemical weapons in war 🧵 Image
The fortified city of Dura-Europos on the Syrian Euphrates had been founded by the Seleucids. After falling to the Parthians and then the Romans in AD 165, it became an important outpost and border fort, somewhere between a town and a military garrison. Image
The Sasanian siege of AD 256 under Shapur I was part of their expansion and warfare against the Roman Empire, although no documentation of the siege has survived, if it ever existed. Image
Read 19 tweets
Nov 14
In Oct 2012 a strange object was found whilst a canal was being drained in western Massachusetts. A cauldron - filled with railroad spikes, a knife, coins, herbs, a padlock and a human skull.

Welcome to the world of Palo Mayombe in America 🧵 Image
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Afro-syncretic religions in the Americas are plentiful, and include some well known examples like Santeria, Haitian Voodoo and Rastafari. These religions are a mix of native African and American beliefs, Islam, Christianity and Judaism. Image
The exact 'flavour' of these diaspora religions often depends on which African peoples they originated with - for example Santeria is derived in part from the Yoruban religions of West Africa. Image
Read 19 tweets
Nov 12
In 2015 British officials travelled to Nigeria to help track down a witchdoctor who had used a juju magical oath to prevent trafficked girls in Britain from testifying against a smuggling gang.

Why did this happen? 🧵 Image
The trafficking of young women and girls from Nigeria into Europe for the sex trade and cheap labour increased dramatically after the death of Gaddafi and Libya's descent into anarchy. Image
Slave markets and human trafficking exploded in Libya in the absence of governmental control. Young girls can easily be bought and sold here, and sent from Africa to Italy and then into Europe. Image
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Read 14 tweets
Nov 11
How do you legislate against a belief in witchcraft? If you genuinely believe your neighbour is trying to kill you with black magic, do you have the right to use violence against them?

Let's take a look at how the 'reasonable belief' test has been applied in Africa 🧵 Image
First off, how many people are killed as suspected witches every year in Africa? That's hard to say, but some estimates from South Africa alone suggest many thousands. Image
Anglophone African countries possess many types of anti-witchcraft legislation, leftover from British colonial rule. Murder relating to witchcraft and sorcery was clearly rife enough that colonial administrators required specific laws to deal with it. Image
Read 15 tweets
Nov 10
Having examined the invasion and consolidation of the Argentine ant in California, in particular their control over the major port cities, we can now turn to their colonisation of the rest of the world through the exploitation of human-run shipping lanes. Image
For background details on World War Ant and the Argentine ant supercolony phenomenon start here:

In the previous thread we saw how the VLC (Very Large Colony) controlled access to the ports. One of their first presumed dispersals was to New Zealand, possibly in 1990. Image
Read 13 tweets
Nov 9
The Argentine ant global set of supercolonies is one of the largest cooperative societies on earth, it is also one of the most aggressive. World war ant has been raging for over a century, from Japan to South Africa.

But where did it all begin? 🧵 Image
Argentine ants (Linepithema humile) are about 2.5mm in size, native to Argentina, and considered an opportunistic, flexible and aggressive species. Within their native range their genetic diversity is wide and different colonies regularly fight each other.Image
However, outside of Argentina their genetic diversity is extremely low, and often entire continent's worth of Argentine ants can be traced back to a small number of individuals. Despite living in separate colonies these ants recognise one another as kin, and do not attack. Image
Read 10 tweets

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