"Each month millions of Argentine
ants die along battlefronts that extend for miles around San Diego, where clashes occur with three other colonies in wars that may have been going on since the species arrived in the state a
century ago"
Some notes on ant warfare 🧵
Many are aware that a world war between Argentine ant supercolonies is currently underway, across multiple continents, and against multiple ant 'nations'.
Ant conflict differs from species to species and from scenario to scenario. Some use sheer numbers in tight phalanx-like organisations to swamp the enemy, which may include ants many times their individual size.
The species of the aggressor matters - when researchers placed a single dead slave-making ant into a slave-host colony for 5 mins, the response was extreme aggression against almost all neighbours for three days, most especially against slave-taking ants.
Treating known neighbours or strangers with more hostility is a strategic choice that ant colonies must make, and these choices often determine how aggressive a colony will be.
Ants that cannot afford huge losses with each battle might opt for ranged weapons such as chemical attacks or dropping stones onto the enemy's heads and nest entrances.
Slave making ants are usually outnumbered when they raid other nests. In order to successfully capture the brood to raise in their own nest they must pacify the defenders, which is often done using pheromones to sow confusion and discord amongst the ranks.
Certain mathematical models derived from human conflicts can explain the success of swamping the enemy with large numbers of disposable soldiers.
That said, some species prefer stronger individuals, and may even use personal champion style duels whilst fighting. Leaving the battlefield for the night and returning in the daylight has also been documented during large scale conflicts.
I may add some more notes as I read. Some of the papers go into marvellous detail on the tactics and change in fighting styles over many days of warfare.
Neoliberalism is a very popular word in academia, but what is it supposed to mean and how is it actually used? Why is it deployed to explain everything from occultic organ harvesting circles to musical entrepreneurship? 🧵
Let us start with some definitions. Although heavily debated the definition of neoliberalism is supposed to be - the extension of the market to all parts of public life, a strong (but minimal?) state to facilitate this, and firm belief in individual agency.
How has this definition come to be used in academia and research though? Here's a few examples drawn at random from google scholar:
Using 'food justice' to fight against racial neoliberalism and mass incarceration...
In AD 256 a unit of Roman miners led a counterattack against their Sasanian besiegers at the city of Dura-Europos.
What happened next has been recorded in minute detail by archaeologists, and remains amongst the earliest and most horrifying uses of chemical weapons in war 🧵
The fortified city of Dura-Europos on the Syrian Euphrates had been founded by the Seleucids. After falling to the Parthians and then the Romans in AD 165, it became an important outpost and border fort, somewhere between a town and a military garrison.
The Sasanian siege of AD 256 under Shapur I was part of their expansion and warfare against the Roman Empire, although no documentation of the siege has survived, if it ever existed.
In Oct 2012 a strange object was found whilst a canal was being drained in western Massachusetts. A cauldron - filled with railroad spikes, a knife, coins, herbs, a padlock and a human skull.
Welcome to the world of Palo Mayombe in America 🧵
Afro-syncretic religions in the Americas are plentiful, and include some well known examples like Santeria, Haitian Voodoo and Rastafari. These religions are a mix of native African and American beliefs, Islam, Christianity and Judaism.
The exact 'flavour' of these diaspora religions often depends on which African peoples they originated with - for example Santeria is derived in part from the Yoruban religions of West Africa.
In 2015 British officials travelled to Nigeria to help track down a witchdoctor who had used a juju magical oath to prevent trafficked girls in Britain from testifying against a smuggling gang.
Why did this happen? 🧵
The trafficking of young women and girls from Nigeria into Europe for the sex trade and cheap labour increased dramatically after the death of Gaddafi and Libya's descent into anarchy.
Slave markets and human trafficking exploded in Libya in the absence of governmental control. Young girls can easily be bought and sold here, and sent from Africa to Italy and then into Europe.
How do you legislate against a belief in witchcraft? If you genuinely believe your neighbour is trying to kill you with black magic, do you have the right to use violence against them?
Let's take a look at how the 'reasonable belief' test has been applied in Africa 🧵
First off, how many people are killed as suspected witches every year in Africa? That's hard to say, but some estimates from South Africa alone suggest many thousands.
Anglophone African countries possess many types of anti-witchcraft legislation, leftover from British colonial rule. Murder relating to witchcraft and sorcery was clearly rife enough that colonial administrators required specific laws to deal with it.
Having examined the invasion and consolidation of the Argentine ant in California, in particular their control over the major port cities, we can now turn to their colonisation of the rest of the world through the exploitation of human-run shipping lanes.
For background details on World War Ant and the Argentine ant supercolony phenomenon start here:
In the previous thread we saw how the VLC (Very Large Colony) controlled access to the ports. One of their first presumed dispersals was to New Zealand, possibly in 1990.