"Each month millions of Argentine
ants die along battlefronts that extend for miles around San Diego, where clashes occur with three other colonies in wars that may have been going on since the species arrived in the state a
century ago"
Some notes on ant warfare 🧵
Many are aware that a world war between Argentine ant supercolonies is currently underway, across multiple continents, and against multiple ant 'nations'.
Ant conflict differs from species to species and from scenario to scenario. Some use sheer numbers in tight phalanx-like organisations to swamp the enemy, which may include ants many times their individual size.
The species of the aggressor matters - when researchers placed a single dead slave-making ant into a slave-host colony for 5 mins, the response was extreme aggression against almost all neighbours for three days, most especially against slave-taking ants.
Treating known neighbours or strangers with more hostility is a strategic choice that ant colonies must make, and these choices often determine how aggressive a colony will be.
Ants that cannot afford huge losses with each battle might opt for ranged weapons such as chemical attacks or dropping stones onto the enemy's heads and nest entrances.
Slave making ants are usually outnumbered when they raid other nests. In order to successfully capture the brood to raise in their own nest they must pacify the defenders, which is often done using pheromones to sow confusion and discord amongst the ranks.
Certain mathematical models derived from human conflicts can explain the success of swamping the enemy with large numbers of disposable soldiers.
That said, some species prefer stronger individuals, and may even use personal champion style duels whilst fighting. Leaving the battlefield for the night and returning in the daylight has also been documented during large scale conflicts.
I may add some more notes as I read. Some of the papers go into marvellous detail on the tactics and change in fighting styles over many days of warfare.
Thread of pictures from Australia, taken from the book Peoples Of All Nations (1922) Vol I.
The British authors survey both the European and Aboriginal inhabitants, considering the former to be a "sub-type of the British race... far more assertive, self-confident, ruthless"
"The Sturdy Stock They Raise On Australian Farms" - the authors mention the low birth rate in the cities, but praise the outdoor Australian lifestyle, as well as pointing to new technologies replacing older rural livelihoods.
Next up from the Peoples Of All Nations Vol I (1922), we have Annam.
Described as a 'long stretch of tropic seaboard, inland mountains and jungles' with a 'medley of races' - the Mongolian Annamese, Chinese traders, Malay Chams and jungle 'Moi savages'.
I have acquired a copy of volume I of the anthropological classic Peoples Of All Nations (1922), so I will post some threads of the different peoples covered with photos and images you can't easily find elsewhere.
First up is Afghanistan, described as a race of fighters in the hills, with their blood feuds and adaptations to Islam.
A Hazara sepoy and his son, a "fine Mongolian race of the little-known northern hills"
It goes unremarked, but Britain still has something like 8,000 magazine titles in circulation. These range from well known media publications to tiny niche hobby groups.
I think it reveals an important part of the Anglo/WEIRD mindset about how group associations are formed.
The richness of the smaller hobby sector includes everything from model railways, insects, arts and crafts, astronomy, botany, gardening, cooking, choirs and organs, horse care, military aircraft, medieval architecture and the like.
These types of voluntary organisations are historically much more important than traditional forms of association like clan, tribe, caste or even extended family.
A new paper interpreting the East Anglian Anglo-Saxon site of Sutton Hoo and similar graves has hypothesised that the magnificent burials belonged to warriors who fought for the Byzantine Empire and returned home as heroes.
Let's take a look 🧵
The article, from the English Historical Review, proposed:
"it is likely that the men buried in the princely burials at Prittlewell and Sutton Hoo served as cavalry soldiers in the Foederati recruited by Tiberius in 575 in the wars with the Sasanians on the eastern front"
The extraordinary treasure of Sutton Hoo and other similar princely graves has been debated for nearly a century. One standard interpretation for the Mediterranean artifacts and wealth is the trade and diplomatic links with the Merovingians.
The 'Maharashtra Prevention and Eradication of Human Sacrifice, other Inhuman and Aghori Practices and Black Magic Act, 2013' is a piece of Indian legislation aimed at tackling the problem of religious human sacrifice and other similar activities 👇🧵
The specific clauses of the act cover a range of magical and religious acts that could lead to harm, death or manipulation - eg coercive sex or theft of money. The list is so specific you have to imagine each of these things has been reported before.
The origins of the bill go back to 2003 and every step of the legislative process has faced fierce opposition. One of its greatest advocates, Dr Narendra Dabholkar, was shot dead in 2013 by Hindu nationalists.