Thread by @Sulkalmakh

🧵
Facial reconstructions of four of the major European phenotypes: the Mediterranid, the Alpinid, the Hallstatt Nordid, and the Ostbaltid.

Reconstructions commissioned by O.M.

The Mediterranid is one of the most continuous European phenotypes. The type known today was largely introduced by the ENF, though there were non ENF examples as well, such as the WHG Combe Capelle.

It features gracile traits, a long face, meso-doli CI, and a tanned complexion.

The Alpinid type is another deeply rooted European phenotype.

Alpinids are a reduced, gracilized Cro-Magnid (CM) type. Brachycephalic with a short, broad face, they are associated with the ENF and with CMs who underwent a reduction in their defining robust features.

Nordids differ little metrically from Mediterranids, with defining features of light pigmentation, a long face, and dolichocephaly.

Nordids were present among both the ENF and gracilized IEs. The Hallstatt Nordid is a mix of the Corded Nordid and Danubian Mediterranid types.

The Ostbaltid is one of the most recent types in Europe, arising during the Migration Period and becoming prevalent during the Little Ice Age.

They are unstable hybrids between Ladogans (moderately reduced CMs sometimes associated with EHGs) and Hallstatt Nordids.

Phenotype evolution in Europe has been a long and ongoing process. Some racial types were introduced through ancient migrations, while others resulted from unique local developments within Europe. And some, exhibit remarkable continuity over time.