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Mar 22 9 tweets 14 min read Read on X
🌍Spanish: How The Language of A Once Tiny Kingdom Became Global

🧵1/9: The roots of Spanish stretch back to the spoken Latin of the Romans on the Iberian Peninsula, a language that has undergone extensive transformation to become the rich and complex Spanish we recognize today.

This evolution was not in isolation; the Arabic influences during the Almoravid rule introduced a wealth of vocabulary and grammatical nuance to the language.

These influences were integral in shaping modern Spanish, which now boasts the status of being the fourth most widely spoken language in the world. The emergence of Spanish as a national language is a relatively recent phenomenon, mirroring the historical trend where diverse dialects unify into a single standard language.

This standardization reflects the broader pattern of emerging modern nation-states during the early modern period, where language played a critical role in constructing national identity.

The Linguistic Evolution of the Iberian Peninsula

Long before modern borders were drawn, the Iberian Peninsula was a melting pot of languages. Each community spoke a distinct language, contributing to a colorful linguistic patchwork. When the Romans came, they brought Latin with them, which slowly began to weave its way into the local dialects, becoming the common thread among the various communities.

However, not all languages blended with Latin. The Basque language, spoken in the mountainous region between Spain and France, stands out as a unique member of this linguistic family. It is unrelated to the Romance languages that sprouted from Latin and remains a living example of the Peninsula’s ancient linguistic diversity.

After the fall of Rome, Latin’s unifying influence faded, and the Peninsula fragmented into a series of kingdoms, each with a language that was a mix of Latin and local speech.

Over time, these languages began to consolidate—a process where, slowly but steadily, one language extends its influence over others. This can happen for many reasons, like the power of the kingdom that speaks it, the prestige of its literature, or its use in trade and governance.

In the case of the Iberian Peninsula, the language of the Kingdom of Castile, known as Castilian, gained the upper hand. As Castile expanded its territory and power, so did its language. Castilian spread through the Peninsula, in schools, in laws, and in everyday conversation, gradually becoming the dominant language.

This is the language we now recognize as Spanish, a testament to the historical process of language consolidation where one regional tongue becomes the voice of a nation.

The Almoravid Influence on Castilian Spanish

When North African invaders, known as the Moors, swept into the Iberian Peninsula, they brought with them not only their armies but also a rich and complex culture.

These conquerors, reaching as far as present-day France, were halted at the Battle of Tours, an event that could have significantly reshaped European history had they succeeded. This pivotal moment marked the northernmost expansion of the Moors, with the Iberian Peninsula remaining their stronghold.

The era of Moorish rule, particularly under the Almoravids, gave rise to Al-Andalus, a time and place where cultures converged, and the arts and sciences thrived. It was here, amidst this vibrant intellectual milieu, that Castilian Spanish absorbed a wealth of Arabic vocabulary.

The Arabic language, renowned for its contributions to science, mathematics, and philosophy, left an indelible mark on Spanish, as seen in the many Spanish words prefixed with ‘al,’ a direct lift from Arabic articles. Al-Andalus stands out in history as a beacon of learning and tolerance, and its linguistic legacy is still audible in the Spanish we speak today. Words like “alcohol,” “algebra,” and “almohada” (pillow) are but a few examples of this enduring Arabic influence.

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The Almoravid Influence on Castilian Spanish

2/9: When North African invaders, known as the Moors, swept into the Iberian Peninsula, they brought with them not only their armies but also a rich and complex culture.

These conquerors, reaching as far as present-day France, were halted at the Battle of Tours, an event that could have significantly reshaped European history had they succeeded. This pivotal moment marked the northernmost expansion of the Moors, with the Iberian Peninsula remaining their stronghold.

The era of Moorish rule, particularly under the Almoravids, gave rise to Al-Andalus, a time and place where cultures converged, and the arts and sciences thrived. It was here, amidst this vibrant intellectual milieu, that Castilian Spanish absorbed a wealth of Arabic vocabulary.

The Arabic language, renowned for its contributions to science, mathematics, and philosophy, left an indelible mark on Spanish, as seen in the many Spanish words prefixed with ‘al,’ a direct lift from Arabic articles. Al-Andalus stands out in history as a beacon of learning and tolerance, and its linguistic legacy is still audible in the Spanish we speak today. Words like “alcohol,” “algebra,” and “almohada” (pillow) are but a few examples of this enduring Arabic influence.

This blending of languages under the Almoravids illustrates the depth of cultural interplay that occurred and highlights the role of conquests not only in changing borders but also in enriching languages.

The Gradual Reconquista and the Development of Spain’s Modern Languages

The Reconquista, a centuries-long period of intermittent battles, was not just a military campaign but also a crucible for the languages of the Iberian Peninsula. As Christian kingdoms in the north began to reclaim territory from the Moorish south, they found themselves not only fighting against a common enemy but also vying for dominance amongst themselves. Each kingdom—be it Castile, Aragon, or Leon—had its own version of the Romance languages that had emerged after the fall of Rome.

It was during this period that Castilian began to take on a role larger than just the language of a single kingdom.

Under King Sancho III of Castile, a concerted effort was made to standardize this dialect, laying the groundwork for its future as the national language. This standardization included the adoption of certain grammatical and orthographic rules, making Castilian more consistent and widely intelligible across the various regions of the kingdom.

As the Reconquista progressed, so did the expansion of Castilian.

It was a gradual process, with each victory against the Moors also serving as a catalyst for the spread of Castilian culture and language.

By the time the Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella completed the Reconquista in 1492, Castilian had already taken root as the primary language of governance and commerce throughout the reconsolidated territories.

The final seal of linguistic unity came with the political unification of Spain.

As the new Spanish state began to emerge, Castilian was increasingly seen as the language of the Spanish identity, a sentiment that was formalized when it became the official language of the entire kingdom. This official status secured Castilian’s position as the national language, a status it has maintained into modern times.

Today’s linguistic landscape in Spain is still marked by the diversity that characterized the early days of the Reconquista, with languages like Catalan, Galician, and Basque holding official status in their respective regions. However, the story of Castilian’s rise reflects the historical power dynamics that have shaped national languages worldwide.

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The Impact of Spanish Imperialism and Colonialism

3/9: Spanish imperialism and colonialism left an indelible imprint on the Western Hemisphere. With the arrival of Spanish conquistadors and settlers, a campaign to implant Spanish culture, religion, and language began, often at the expense of the local indigenous populations.

This deliberate cultural replacement was systemic, aimed at extending Spain’s influence and control over vast new territories.

The colonial administration erected a rigid caste system that sorted individuals based on race and nobility. This stratification entrenched social and racial divisions, prioritizing Spanish-born individuals and devaluing the indigenous and African populations.

The use of African slaves, forcibly brought to the New World, created a labor force dedicated to the extraction of resources, all to enrich the Spanish crown.

It was during this era, the ‘Siglo de Oro’ or the Golden Age, that Spain reached the zenith of its power, wielding influence that stretched from the hills of California to the southernmost reaches of Argentina’s Tierra del Fuego.

The transplantation of Spanish language and culture across such a wide array of cultures and environments led to the emergence of numerous Spanish dialects, each adapting to local conditions while carrying the linguistic legacy of Castilian Spanish.

The consequences of the obliteration of indigenous cultures, the establishment of the encomienda system—a form of labor coercion—and the perpetuation of Spain’s racial hierarchy, have echoed through the centuries.

These actions have shaped the cultural and social fabric of the Americas, leaving a complex legacy that continues to influence the region’s identity and linguistic diversity. The languages spoken across the Americas today are a testament to this turbulent history.

While Spanish has become a dominant language, it is a Spanish that has evolved, diverged, and assimilated aspects of countless indigenous and local expressions, creating a rich and varied linguistic landscape that tells the story of a tumultuous past.

Regional Phrases in Spain’s Diverse Languages

The linguistic landscape of Spain is remarkably diverse, with several regional languages coexisting with the nationwide Castilian Spanish.

This diversity becomes evident when translating a phrase such as “How are you doing today? I hope to meet you for dinner before 8:00 PM if possible. If not, can you meet another day?” into the different official languages of Spain.

1. In Castilian Spanish, you might hear, “¿Cómo estás hoy? Espero encontrarte a cenar antes de las 8:00 PM si es posible. Si no, ¿puedes otro día?“

2. Move into Catalonia, and the Catalan version would be, “Com estàs avui? Espero trobar-te per sopar abans de les 8:00 PM si és possible. Si no, pots un altre dia?“

3. In Galicia, the Galician language renders it as “Como estás hoxe? Espero atoparte para cear antes das 8:00 PM se é posible. Se non, podes outro día?“

4. And in the Basque Country, where the Basque language is unrelated to the others, it would be, “Nola zaude gaur? Espero zaitut afaltzeko 8:00 PM aurretik ahal bada. Bestela, beste egun batean elkartu gaitezke?“

Each of these translations reflects the unique grammar, syntax, and vocabulary of the respective languages, demonstrating the rich linguistic heritages that have been maintained across the regions of Spain.

The differences in expression, even in this simple plan-making phrase, highlight the depth and breadth of Spain’s linguistic identities.
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Mutual Intelligibility Among Spain’s Regional Languages

4/9: In Spain, the network of regional languages demonstrates varying degrees of mutual intelligibility. Castilian Spanish, serving as the national standard, shares substantial intelligibility with languages like Galician due to their shared Romance origins and historical intermingling.

Galician, the language of the northwest, is closely related to Castilian Spanish, allowing for a fluid understanding and communication between speakers. Their shared linguistic features, such as grammar and vocabulary, are a testament to their common lineage. Catalan, the primary language of Catalonia in the northeast, is less mutually intelligible with Castilian Spanish.

However, the similarities in structure due to their Romance roots allow for a basic understanding, particularly in written form. Catalan itself has been a significant cultural force, influencing neighboring Romance languages and fostering a rich tradition of literature and the arts.

The Basque language, or Euskara, presents a unique case. As a language isolate, it shares no commonality with Romance languages, resulting in little to no mutual intelligibility with Castilian Spanish. Its distinct structure and lexicon highlight the diverse linguistic heritage of the Iberian Peninsula.

A mutual intelligibility chart for Spain’s languages would display high comprehensibility between Spanish and Galician, moderate between Spanish and Catalan, and virtually none between Spanish and Basque.

This reflects the cultural and linguistic landscape of Spain, where educational and linguistic policies encourage multilingualism and unity amid linguistic diversity. theintellectualist.com/spanish-how-th…Image
National Language as a Catalyst in the Rise of Modern Nation-States

5/9: The concept of a national language has been pivotal in the historical trajectory of modern nation-states, particularly in the context of Spain and Britain.

In these countries, the establishment of a standardized national language became a cornerstone for economic expansion and imperial ambitions. It facilitated a shared sense of identity and purpose, which was instrumental in uniting diverse populations under a single national banner.

In Spain, the consolidation of Castilian Spanish as the official language during and after the Reconquista helped unify the various kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula.

This linguistic unity was crucial in fostering administrative cohesion and facilitating communication, thereby streamlining the process of governance and integration of different regions. It also played a key role in the cultural and economic activities that underpinned Spain’s Golden Age and its imperial endeavors across the Atlantic.

Similarly, in Britain, the standardization of English, particularly after the publication of the King James Bible and the works of William Shakespeare, greatly contributed to the development of a British identity.

As the British Empire expanded, English became the lingua franca of administration and commerce, spreading across continents and reinforcing Britain’s global influence.

In contrast, the linguistic fragmentation of regions that would later become Germany and Italy posed challenges to early national consolidation.

These areas were collections of principalities and city-states, each with its own dialects and cultural practices. The lack of a unifying language initially impeded the formation of a cohesive national identity and delayed the centralization of economic and political power.

Germany and Italy’s eventual unification in the 19th century was, in part, facilitated by the eventual adoption of a standardized national language, which was essential in rallying the populace towards a common nationalistic goal. The national languages, German and Italian, became symbols of unity and were instrumental in the construction of the respective national identities.

The narrative of national languages contributing to the rise of modern nation-states underscores the profound influence that language has on national identity and unity. It demonstrates how linguistic standardization can serve as a catalyst for nation-building and international influence.

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Linguistic Comprehension Across Medieval Kingdoms

6/9: During the Middle Ages, the Iberian Peninsula was a patchwork of kingdoms, each with its own dialects and languages. A resident of Madrid, situated within the Kingdom of Castile, would have been familiar with the Castilian language, which was developing into what we recognize as modern Spanish. If this Madrilenian ventured into neighboring kingdoms, such as Aragon or Leon, they would likely encounter variations of Romance languages or dialects.

Due to the shared Latin heritage and similar grammatical structures, there would have been a degree of mutual intelligibility, especially with the languages like Aragonese or Leonese that had also evolved from Latin.

However, the level of understanding would vary. The closer the languages were to Castilian, the easier it would be to comprehend them. For instance, the transition from understanding Leonese to Aragonese might have been smoother due to their similarities with Castilian.

On the other hand, a language like Basque, which has no Romance roots, would present significant challenges to a Castilian speaker. It is also worth noting that during this time, the concept of a standardized language was not as rigid as it is today. Languages existed on a continuum, with dialects often blending into each other across geographic areas. This fluid linguistic landscape meant that people were generally more adept at understanding a range of dialects and languages.

In cities, trade and political interactions would necessitate a certain level of linguistic flexibility. Therefore, a resident of Madrid would have likely possessed the ability to communicate with speakers from neighboring regions, utilizing the shared Romance roots as a foundation for understanding.

Recommendations for Further Exploration

For enthusiasts eager to explore the depths of the Spanish language and its history, numerous resources stand ready to illuminate the journey.

The Real Academia Española (RAE) stands as an authoritative figure in the Spanish-speaking world, offering comprehensive guides and databases on the language’s evolution, rules, and usage. Their resources are invaluable for anyone looking to gain a scholarly understanding of Spanish. Online language learning platforms, such as Duolingo, provide interactive opportunities to learn Spanish and its regional variations.

They can be especially helpful for grasping the differences in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar that characterize the diverse dialects across Spain and the Spanish-speaking world. For a more casual yet informative approach, linguistic blogs and websites are excellent for daily insights and interesting facts about the Spanish language.

They often cover a broad spectrum of topics, from etymology to regional expressions, and can offer perspectives on the living language as it evolves today.

Additionally, podcasts and YouTube channels dedicated to Spanish linguistics can make learning about the language’s history and its regional distinctions both engaging and accessible.

These platforms often feature interviews with linguists, language teachers, and native speakers who provide diverse and comprehensive perspectives on the language.

Lastly, visiting Spain and immersing oneself in the culture provides a firsthand experience of the language in its natural setting. Engaging with locals, listening to regional music, reading local literature, and participating in cultural events can offer profound insights into the intricacies of Spanish and its regional counterparts.

For those interested in the academic side, university courses and textbooks provide structured and detailed studies of Spanish linguistics. These resources are particularly suitable for individuals seeking a deeper, more formal education in the language

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🌎8/9: The roots of Spanish stretch back to the spoken Latin of the Romans on the Iberian Peninsula, a language that has undergone extensive transformation to become the rich and complex Spanish we recognize today.
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More from @highbrow_nobrow

Apr 16
Trump Defies Second Court Order — Black Saturday Crisis Escalates

Black Saturday: The Day Democracy Ceased to Function

🧵1/9: Saturday, March 15th, 2025, may have seemed unremarkable to most Americans.

But history will remember it as Black Saturday—the day the United States ceased to function as a constitutional democracy.

A federal judge issued a lawful court order.

The President refused to comply.

No appeal. No enforcement. No institutional response.

The judiciary was defied—and nothing happened.

This was no routine conflict.

It was a constitutional orphaning—a power vacuum exposed in real time.

For the first time in modern history, a sitting president ignored a federal ruling without consequence.

The presidency, unbound by consequence, slipped outside the law.

Trump didn’t announce the end of the Constitution.
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Quietly.

Deliberately.
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The Rubicon Was Crossed—And Nothing Stopped It

2/9: This wasn’t erosion.
It was erasure.
The moment metastasized.
The judiciary became a suggestion box.
The system didn’t resist—it adapted.
Not to law, but to power.

Black Saturday wasn’t just an isolated incident. It was a line crossed with no return.

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The Courts Speak—And Are Ignored

3/9: On April 16, 2025, Judge James Boasberg found probable cause that the Trump administration committed criminal contempt by defying the March 15 court order.

Individuals were transferred into Salvadoran custody despite an explicit judicial ban.

While the Supreme Court vacated the order on procedural grounds, it affirmed the core right: detainees are entitled to habeas relief before deportation.

The constitutional violation was real—and now judicially confirmed.

Yet no compliance followed. No enforcement. No accountability.

theintellectualist.com/black-saturday…Image
Read 9 tweets
Apr 8
Bob Woodward on Donald Trump: “It looks like he wants to destroy the economy.”

A Warning from Watergate: Woodward Returns

🧵1/11: On March 28, 2025, Bob Woodward sat down with The Washington Post’s Colby Itkowitz for his first major interview since Donald Trump’s second inauguration.

It was more than a retrospective.

It was a warning.

A quiet alarm from the man who helped bring down Nixon, now sounding the signal again—this time, not over a break-in, but over the deliberate unraveling of an economy.

Woodward has written books on ten presidents. He’s interviewed Trump extensively. But in this conversation, he didn’t hedge.

When asked what Trump’s end goal appears to be, Woodward answered plainly:

“It looks like he wants to destroy the economy.”

theintellectualist.com/bob-woodward-t…Image
Doctrine of Destruction: Trump’s Economic Endgame

2/11: To understand why a president might do that, you have to understand what he’s trying to build in its place.

During Trump’s first term, in January 2018, he summoned his economic advisors to the Oval Office.

He wanted tariffs—aggressive ones.

His chief economic advisor, Gary Cohn, warned him that tariffs would backfire. They’d raise prices on American consumers.

They’d jeopardize the very stock market gains Trump often boasted about. They’d risk triggering retaliation from allies.

Trump didn’t flinch.

He dismissed Cohn, called him a “globalist,” and told him to sit on the couch—like a subordinate being punished.

That word, globalist, wasn’t random.

In far-right discourse, it’s a term saturated with anti-Semitic overtones—used to cast Jewish figures as manipulators of finance and internationalism.

Cohn, a Jewish man and former president of Goldman Sachs, wasn’t just being ignored.

He was being marked. It wasn’t a policy debate.

It was a purge.

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Trade as Target: The Infrastructure of Influence

3/11: That moment passed quickly. But its implications did not.

Soon after, someone inside the administration handed Woodward a piece of paper—torn from a notepad, written in thick black Sharpie.

Just three words, scrawled in Trump’s hand:

“Trade is bad.”

That wasn’t economic analysis. That was a doctrine.

Trade isn’t just policy.

It’s infrastructure.

It supports tens of millions of American jobs—in agriculture, energy, logistics, shipping, and tech.

It links our prosperity to our influence.

It binds us to our allies and keeps autocracies in check.

To declare “trade is bad” is to reject not just globalization—but interdependence itself.

Some will say Trump was simply pursuing tough-love trade policy.

That tariffs are leverage, not ideology.

But leverage isn’t wielded with a sledgehammer.

And real strategy doesn’t end in isolation.

In the months after that Oval Office confrontation, Trump imposed tariffs on steel and aluminum.

The world responded in kind. Canada, the EU, and China hit back with retaliatory tariffs.

American soybeans sat rotting in silos.

Machinery costs rose.

Farm bankruptcies spiked.

The Federal Reserve estimated that more than 300,000 jobs were lost before the pandemic ever arrived.

We’ve seen what happens when leaders conflate nationalism with economic retreat.

From Smoot-Hawley in the 1930s to Brexit today, the cost is never abstract.

It’s supply chains broken, prices inflated, trust shattered.
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Read 11 tweets
Apr 2
Trump to Unveil Largest Tax Increase in World History

A Hidden Tax Bomb, Not Passed—But Imposed

🧵1/10: What if the biggest tax hike in U.S. history wasn’t passed by Congress—but snuck in through a tariff?

That’s exactly what President Trump is planning, according to economic columnist Matthew Lynn, writing for The Telegraph on March 31, 2025.

Liberation Day: A $600 Billion Fiscal Earthquake

The initiative is called Liberation Day.

It’s expected to be unveiled this week, and it could impose tariffs so sweeping that they’d generate an estimated $600 billion a year in revenue.

That’s not a side policy—it’s a fiscal earthquake.

To put that in perspective, it would exceed all corporate tax revenue in the United States and instantly become the third largest source of federal funding, behind only income taxes and payroll taxes.
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Navarro’s Pitch: A Massive Tax Shift Without a Vote

2/10: Trump loyalist Peter Navarro pitched the plan on Fox News, saying the goal is to tax imports—particularly foreign cars and manufactured goods—in a way that “brings jobs back.”

But Navarro also admitted that the federal government could collect $600 billion a year through this new tariff structure.

If that happens, it would amount to a 15% increase in total U.S. tax revenue, without a single act of Congress.

How Trump Can Do This Alone

How is this possible?

Because under the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 and Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974, the president has unilateral authority to impose tariffs.

That means this $600 billion tax could materialize without a single Congressional vote.

It’s a stunning shift in the structure of American taxation—executive fiat replacing legislative deliberation.

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The Real Cost: You Pay, Not China

3/10: And despite the patriotic branding, the true cost will land on consumers, not foreign governments.

For illustration: a working-class family in Indiana earning $48,000 per year may already be spending nearly 20% of their income on imported necessities—from electronics to appliances to school supplies.

If tariffs add even 10% to those costs, their effective purchasing power could shrink by thousands.

A Stealth Tax Masquerading as Trade Policy

This isn’t a trade policy. It’s a stealth tax detonation wrapped in a flag. And if enacted without offsetting tax cuts, it will bleed American wallets slowly and silently—like a leak beneath the floorboards.

The Illusion of Reshoring—And the Cost of Protectionism

Supporters argue that tariffs might encourage U.S. manufacturing.

That’s not impossible.

Some production may indeed shift from Stuttgart to South Carolina or from Shenzhen to Seattle.

But that shift would take years—if it happens at all.

And in the meantime, prices will rise, wages may stagnate, and American consumers will be footing the bill.

Worse still, protected domestic companies tend to grow sluggish and inefficient.

Without international competition, there’s less pressure to innovate, reduce costs, or improve productivity.

The tariffs become a comfort blanket for monopolies—and a straitjacket for everyone else.

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Read 10 tweets
Apr 1
To Help Trump Defy the Constitution, a GOP Senator Proposes Ending Judicial Independence

When the Judge Serves the Ruler

🧵 1/10: What happens when the judge serves the ruler?

That question haunted the Founders. They had seen what power could do to justice—and what justice must do to constrain power. That’s why they built a system where the law stands above the leader, not beneath him.

Imagine if a president lost in court—not because of bias, but because the law and the facts weren’t on their side.

A federal judge rules that the president’s actions are unconstitutional or unlawful.

Checks and balances working exactly as designed.

Now imagine that president simply creates a new court—one that agrees with him.

A custom court. A bench dressed to obey.

That isn’t reform.

That’s absolute power, rubber-stamped and notarized.

So ask yourself: What happens when the courts are no longer independent—but installed?

When the robes answer not to law, but to loyalty?

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The Proposal

2/10: On March 25, 2025, Ashley Moody, a Republican U.S. Senator from Florida, proposed exactly that.

Appearing on Fox News, she suggested that the federal government should create “specialty courts” to bypass federal judges who issue rulings unfavorable to President Donald Trump.

Some defenders argue this is a fix for judicial bias—a counter to so-called “liberal” courts.

But reform operates within the system.

This proposal operates above it.

Reform seeks to uphold the rule of law.

This replaces it.

And this comes as the administration Moody defends openly defies court orders, purges civil servants, and rewrites institutional norms in real time.

Moody, a former federal prosecutor and Attorney General of Florida, framed it as reform.

But in truth, it was an attempt to sidestep judicial independence altogether.

Her proposal isn’t reform.

It’s an attempt to selectively silence the courts—using tools that history, and the very Framers whom people like Moody claim to venerate, explicitly condemned.

It echoes the kind of system the Founders studied, feared, and rejected.

The Star Chamber

The Founders knew what happens when rulers shape courts to serve their will.

In pre-democratic England—before the 1689 Bill of Rights—prerogative courts operated under direct royal authority.

Unlike common law courts, they had no juries, followed no standard legal procedures, and weren’t accountable to the public.

They held secret hearings and punished dissent without due process.

They didn’t exist to deliver justice—they existed to enforce the monarch’s will.

The most infamous of these was the Star Chamber. It answered directly to the crown. It bypassed juries, ignored legal protections, and became a tool for silencing opposition.

Its original mission was noble—punishing powerful nobles who intimidated the courts.

But once the king controlled it, it became something darker: law in appearance, repression in practice.

Its abolition in 1641 wasn’t just legal housekeeping.

It was a declaration: liberty cannot exist where power controls judgment.Image
The Founders’ Design

3/10: The American Founders studied what the Star Chamber became—and vowed never to repeat it.

They pored over Blackstone’s Commentaries, Locke’s Treatises, and the debates that dismantled prerogative courts.

They weren’t just building a government.

They were building a firewall against the corrosion of justice.

Their break with Britain was more than rebellion. It was reinvention.

They had seen what happens when Parliament is sovereign—when rights can be granted or revoked at will.

They rejected a system where liberty depended on the generosity of those in power.

Freedom, they believed, required more than elections. It required structure.

A written Constitution that bound all branches—not served them.

Judges who didn’t answer to presidents or parliaments.
Rights that were protected, not bestowed.

The British system was liberal for its time.

It replaced kings with parliaments.

But Parliament simply inherited the unchecked authority of the crown.

The Founders understood that concentrated power was dangerous—no matter who held it.

So they divided it—into three co-equal branches.

They drew from Montesquieu’s theory of separation of powers, where ambition would check ambition.
And they reinforced it with Madison’s warning in Federalist No. 47:

“The accumulation of all powers, legislative, executive, and judiciary, in the same hands… may justly be pronounced the very definition of tyranny.”

They didn’t aim for perfect leaders.

They built institutions to withstand imperfect ones.

Lessons from Fallen Republics

And they knew those institutions could erode faster than they were built.

They studied republics that promised liberty—but succumbed to those who weaponized it.

In Athens, demagogues like Cleon rose not through wisdom, but spectacle.

He inflamed public passions, punished dissent, and made law a tool of vengeance.

Athens gave voice to the people—but lacked structure to withstand manipulation.

In Rome, it was generals instead of orators.

The Gracchi brothers bypassed norms in the name of reform.

Marius fused military command with political ambition.

Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon not to destroy the Senate—but to neuter it.

He ruled in the name of the republic while dissolving its substance. And when he died, it wasn’t restoration.

It was the beginning of empire.

Authoritarianism doesn’t always arrive with a crown.
Sometimes it arrives with applause.

Venice fell more quietly.

Once a republic governed by merchant councils, it became rule by secrecy and silence.

The Doge remained. The rituals endured. But real power vanished behind closed doors.

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Read 10 tweets
Mar 30
The Disappeared: Trump’s Mass Deportation Machine and the Shadow Prison in El Salvador

A Knock at the Door, Then Nothing

🧵1/10: Imagine waking up one morning to discover that your brother is gone.

Not missing—disappeared.

No phone call. No charges. No lawyer.

And days later, a message appears—he’s been deported to a country he’s never been to, locked in a concrete hell designed for gang leaders and killers.

That’s not a story from Argentina’s Dirty War or Stalin’s gulags.

It happened in the United States—in 2025.

And it’s still happening, as you read this.

This is the story of The Disappeared—238 Venezuelan men secretly deported by the Trump administration to El Salvador’s most notorious prison, CECOT—a facility condemned by the United Nations, Amnesty International, and Human Rights Watch for crimes against human dignity.
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Not Criminals—Targets of Vulnerability

2/10: They weren’t taken because they were criminals.

They were taken because they were vulnerable—asylum seekers, migrants, dissidents—fleeing persecution, hoping for protection under American law.

Instead, they were swept up under a statute from 1798—the Alien Enemies Act, a wartime relic once used by John Adams to jail immigrants.

The Trump administration revived it and reinterpreted it to enable a deportation machine without trial, judge, or oversight.

This wasn’t a crackdown on MS-13.

Most had no criminal records.

Some were flagged only for tattoos—like Jefferson José Laya Freites, deported because of a lion on his forearm. It was assumed to be gang-related. It was actually a tribute to his Christian faith.

Or Arturo Suárez Trejo, a Venezuelan singer living in Houston, legally awaiting an asylum hearing. One morning, ICE agents came to his door.

“He’s being transferred to finish processing,” they told his daughter.

He never came home.

His family later identified him in a prison photo—head shaved, shackled, kneeling in the white uniform of El Salvador’s mega-prison.
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Black Saturday: The Collapse of Judicial Authority

3/10: This was the reality on March 15, 2025—Black Saturday—the day the Trump administration defied a federal court order and deported a large number of these men to CECOT.

A judge had ruled the deportations unconstitutional and ordered the flights turned around. The planes were in the air. The White House ignored the ruling. They kept going.

It was the day the United States crossed a line no constitutional democracy should ever cross.

CECOT: A Modern Gulag

Because CECOT is not a prison.

It is a modern gulag.

No windows.

No sunlight.

No visitors.

No phone calls.

Prisoners are held in stress positions, denied food, beaten with batons, and stripped of all identity.

They sleep on concrete in crowded cells—100 men to a room.

Their heads are shaved. Their movements are choreographed by armed guards.

The United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture condemned CECOT as a site of systematic abuse.

El Salvador’s president, Nayib Bukele, presents it as a symbol of authoritarian control.

But it is also a dumping ground—for prisoners deported by foreign governments looking to disappear them without scrutiny.

And that’s where the United States sent people who had done nothing wrong.

Not back to Venezuela.

But to a third country—with no legal jurisdiction, no treaty obligation, and no accountability.

Photojournalist Philip Holsinger captured their arrival: shackled men, trembling, forced to kneel.

An ICE agent was present at the plane. The transfer was coordinated by American officials.

Detainees were offloaded rapidly—processed like inventory, not people.

One man clutched a broken rosary. The crucifix had snapped off.

He held it anyway.

This wasn’t deportation.

This was disappearance.

The Legal Definition—and the Human Cost

And the difference matters.
Deportation is a legal process.
Disappearance is a crime against humanity.

The International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance—signed by the United States in 2000—defines it as:

“The arrest, detention, or abduction of persons by agents of the state… followed by a refusal to acknowledge the deprivation of liberty or by concealment of the fate or whereabouts of the disappeared person.”

That is what happened here.

Families were told nothing.
Some were lied to.
Legal representation was severed.
Communication ceased.

We do know the names of the 238 men.

CBS News published the full list.

Among them:

Andrys Caraballo, a makeup artist last seen in ICE custody.

David Larez, a father of three, awaiting asylum processing.

Luis Molina, a diabetic who needed daily insulin.

Anyelo José Sarabia González, 19, deported for a rose tattoo.

Jerce Reyes Barrios, 36, a former Venezuelan soccer player flagged for a rosary and a soccer ball.

We don’t know where most are now—or if they’re still alive.

But we know this violated a federal court order.

This was not a miscommunication.

It was a deliberate act of executive defiance.

Stephen Miller and senior DHS officials orchestrated the flights in secret. Internal documents reviewed by CBS and Axios confirm the operation was timed to outrun judicial oversight.

But at 6:51 p.m. ET, Judge James Boasberg issued a legal injunction.

He ordered that the planes be turned around.
He told DOJ lawyers: “You need to ensure compliance immediately.”

They didn’t comply.

The planes kept flying.

Thus came Black Saturday: the first time in modern U.S. history that a president defied a federal court order—and faced no consequence.
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Read 10 tweets
Mar 26
The Rise of Hitler: A History of How Democracy Fell in Germany and Its Parallels to Today

🧵1/13: His past was steeped in scandal—a felon, accused of treason and sedition, his actions and rhetoric frequently straddling the line of legality.

He was convicted for attempting to overthrow the government, yet this criminal history didn’t disqualify him.

It only made him more appealing to those who viewed the establishment as corrupt and broken. Instead of disqualifying him, his criminal record and charges became part of his defiant charm, painting him as an outsider willing to fight the system.

Every accusation, every charge of treason, only fueled his rise, showing his supporters that he could not be tamed and was the only one willing to challenge the powers that had held the nation in their grip.
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2/13: At first, they dismissed him. The elites, the media, the political class—they thought they could control him. They mocked him as a sideshow, a foolish provocateur, destined to be forgotten.

But in the wake of high inflation, economic instability, and a country that had lost its bearings, his words struck a chord with those who had been cast aside.

In an age of rising populism, economic dislocation, and a shrinking middle class, his rhetoric didn’t promise solutions—it promised retribution.

It wasn’t just blame he offered; it was a convenient, scapegoated enemy to rally against.

His was a message soaked in anger, dripping with resentment for anyone deemed an outsider.

Minorities, immigrants, political rivals—all of them were the root of the nation’s collapse. And in this narrative of vengeance, he found his power.
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3/13: It wasn’t just the forgotten and the downtrodden who rallied to him.

His support was a web of disenfranchised voters, alienated workers, and desperate communities—a rage that turned inward, then outward.

People who had once believed in the promise of democracy now saw him as their only hope, their only defender. He was the hammer to crush a system they believed had betrayed them.

They didn’t care what he stood for, as long as he was willing to destroy the things they hated. And with every provocation, every scandal, his following grew—spurred on by his audacity and his defiance.

The more they despised him, the more they were drawn to him, their loyalty strengthening with every wave of mockery that he deflected effortlessly.

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Read 13 tweets

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