His sudden death in September 1978 remains shrouded in mystery, doubts, and speculation
A Thread 🧵
Albino Luciani, born in 1912 in Canale d’Agordo, Italy, became Pope John Paul I on August 26, 1978
His election was swift, concluded in a single day, with 101 out of 111 cardinals voting for him
He chose a double name to honor his predecessors, John XXIII and Paul VI
Despite lasting only 33 days, Luciani stood out for his modesty and simplicity
He rejected traditional symbols of papal power, like the tiara and “sedia gestatoria”, and dropped the royal “we,” speaking in the first person
Humility in his voice
Albino Luciani, the humble son of a Venetian bricklayer, became Pope while remaining a pastoral and gentle figure who charmed the world with his warm smile
Nicknamed “The Smiling Pope” because his smile was constant and eternal in every occasion
Luciani quickly clashed with powerful figures, notably Archbishop Paul Marcinkus, head of the Vatican Bank, which was embroiled in shady financial dealings
The Pope sought to reform the IOR and remove Marcinkus who had ties to controversial figures associated with a Masonic lodge
A list of alleged Freemasons in the Vatican, published just before his death, reportedly disturbed him, hinting at internal resistance to his reforms
But then came an unexpected death
On the night of September 28–29, 1978, Luciani was found dead in his bed by Sister Margherita Marin and Sister Vincenza Taffarel
The official report cited a heart attack, but no autopsy was performed, as it wasn’t customary for Popes
Contradictions soon emerged: the Vatican initially claimed his secretary, John Magee, found the body, omitting the nuns’ role
Conflicting accounts of his final hours—some mentioning ignored chest pain, others describing him as calm—fueled suspicion
(Sister Margherita)
Several theories surfaced over the years
In God’s Name (1984), David Yallop suggested Luciani was poisoned with digitalis by M., V., and C., in collusion with C., S., and G., to halt IOR reforms
In 2019, A. R. claimed he helped M. to kill the Pope using valium and cyanide to cover up a financial fraud
Others, like theologian Giovanni Gennari, proposed a medication error, while John Cornwell’s “A Thief in the Night” attributed the death to stress and heart issues, though noting odd details like the Pope’s torn vestments
Luciani had a history of health issues, including tuberculosis in his youth, low blood pressure, and vascular problems
Yet his physician, Antonio Da Ros, described him as healthy during his pontificate, and his brother Edoardo denied serious heart conditions
The absence of an autopsy and the Vatican’s poor communication deepened suspicions
In 2022, Stefania Falasca, vice-postulator for his beatification, argued it was a natural death from a heart attack, citing medical records, but conspiracy theories persist
It’s not hard to sketch a conspiracy theory about those years, where figures like C., S., G., M., and many others form a tangled web of powers, secret services, and international intrigues
Despite its brevity, Luciani was greatly loved, and his pontificate left a mark through his humanity and vision for a simpler, more accessible Church
Pope Luciani remained a simple, humble figure
At times, amidst the splendor of the Vatican and the power of the papacy, which remains the center of Christianity and billions of faithful, he almost appeared uncomfortable with his role
In this video, the man who would become his successor, and who, respectfully, would take his name as Pope John Paul II, is seen as Cardinal Karol Wojtyła, throwing himself at his feet and embracing him, unaware of what would happen in less than two months
Albino Luciani was beatified by Pope Francis on September 4, 2022, after a miracle was attributed to him
This remains a sad story, shrouded in shadows
Why would someone want him dead?
Luciani’s short papacy unsettled powerful interests:
1.Vatican Bank – He was probing Banco Ambrosiano, tied to Freemasons, the Mafia, and possibly the CIA
2.Shake-Up Plans – He aimed to remove key conservatives, including Secretary of State Jean Villot, who later managed his death with unusual haste
3.East-West Dialogue – Luciani was open to talking with the Eastern Bloc—worrying for the West
Thank you for reading this far
After all, the conclave’s identifying phrase is “extra omnes”, which means “everyone out”, because no one truly knows what happens inside the Sistine Chapel
Ah, postscript—just know that if anything happens to me after this thread, I am not, and never will be, a suici$al personality 😉
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The North–South Economic Divide in Italy: Historical, Economic, and Socio-Cultural Causes
The economic divide between Northern Italy (regions such as Lombardy, Veneto, Piedmont) and the South (the Mezzogiorno, including Campania, Apulia, Basilicata, Calabria, Sicily, and Sardinia) is one of the most persistent structural problems in Italian history.
Despite the unification of 1861, today the southern per-capita GDP stands at roughly 58–60% of that of the Centre-North, with unemployment rates twice as high (over 20% in the South versus 6–8% in the North) and a dependence on state subsidies that has generated a vicious circle of welfare dependency.
This imbalance is not innate but arises from a complex interplay of historical, economic, socio-cultural, and other factors (geographical, political, institutional).
Below is an exhaustive analysis—based on historical and economic studies—showing how the gap pre-existed the Unification but dramatically widened in the decades that followed.
Explanation Part 2
Historical Causes
The roots of the divide go back thousands of years, accentuated by unification and by dynamics of “internal colonialism.”
Before unification (that is, prior to 1861), the North benefited from autonomous development: the Lombard invasion (6th century) fostered the rise of medieval city-states (10th–13th centuries), which developed a mercantile and proto-industrial bourgeoisie and became integrated into European trade routes.
By contrast, the South was dominated by foreign monarchies (Normans, Swabians, Angevins, Spaniards, Bourbons), which imposed a centralized feudal system marked by unproductive latifundia and a lack of local autonomy.
The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1816–1861) had a primitive agrarian economy plagued by endemic malaria, deforestation, and poor irrigation, despite abundant natural resources; per-capita GDP was similar to or slightly higher than that of the North (according to Daniele and Malanima), yet the infrastructural gaps were enormous: 14,700 km of roads compared to 75,500 in the North, and only 184 km of railways versus more than 2,300.
The unification of 1861 imposed the Piedmontese model (centralist and liberalist), treating the South as an “internal colony”: southern resources financed northern debt (which had risen by 565% before 1860) and the “industrial triangle” (Turin–Milan–Genoa).
This led to brigantaggio (1860–1870), a peasant revolt suppressed by 120,000 soldiers under martial law (the Pica Law, 1863), which alienated the South from the nascent state and perpetuated hostility.
In the twentieth century, the First World War (1915–1918) channelled industrial contracts to the North, while Fascism (1922–1943) invested in southern infrastructure (e.g. the Apulian aqueduct) but in a clientelistic manner, without structural reform.
The Second World War devastated the South (Allied bombings, mafia-US alliances), and the post-war economic boom (1950–1970) industrialized the North through the Marshall Plan, leaving the Mezzogiorno largely agrarian.