Dr Helen Fry | WWII Historian Profile picture
Jun 30 7 tweets 4 min read Read on X
As British Forces pushed past Bayeux, the grim task of burying thousands of fallen Allied soldiers in Normandy commenced.

Harry Rossney painted war cemetery signboards and carved inscriptions on numerous graves.

This was the reality of his duties:
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The harsh realities of war were ever-present for Harry Rossney, a sign-writer by trade, who moved from 93 Company of the Alien Pioneer Corps to 32 Graves Registration Unit in Bayeux.

He oversaw and trained the workforce tasked with sign-writing temporary grave markers, later replaced by white stones from the Imperial War Graves Commission (now the Commonwealth War Graves Commission).

Rossney also hand-painted large signboards for war cemeteries across Normandy, including Bayeux, Ranville, and Hottot.

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He describes that period:

"I was ordered to join 32 Graves Registration Unit (32 GRU) in Bayeux immediately. No argument, no requests, no alternatives. With heavy heart I left my old mates of 93 Company – this oasis of fellow Jewish-German and Austrian refugees who understood and felt the same, had the same outlook, accents and humour.

I felt shattered and very alone. When they told me what I had to do, my heart sank to my boots. Bury the dead. Create a workshop to paint white metal crosses and sign-write every dead soldier's name, number, regiment and religion. We came face-to-face with the price of war each and every day. But someone had to do it. The dead numbered in their thousands."

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"Our unit, which was responsible for about eighteen British war cemeteries, occupied a single-storey house with garage, garden and space behind. It consisted of a handful of selected specialists, local French labourers and a dozen German POWs.

Tools were in short supply, so the POWs made their own brushes and rulers. Two other German refugees joined our unit, a non-Jewish artist Walter Nessler who had refused to toe the Nazi party line, and Jack Dalton, originally a paint-sprayer.

I made it my business to hand-letter every big nameboard for each cemetery, white lettering on black, large enough to be seen from a clear distance."

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"One day whilst in Normandy, close to Hottot, one of our cemeteries, I stumbled across a hastily dug shallow grave with a small wooden cross, and a German helmet with a neat sniper's bullet hole in the temple. The name read 'Heinz Brand'. I was shocked. It was none other than my school friend from Berlin. He had been no Nazi, but had obviously fought in the German Army."

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Harry Rossney, one of 10,000 German Jews who fought for Britain in WWII, later engraved temporary wooden crosses for fallen soldiers buried in places like Bayeux. He performed this duty daily for a year, paying tribute to the fallen.

Proud of his six-year service in the British Army, Harry found the loss of so many young lives deeply harrowing. As a Jew, he faced the painful irony of his Christian cousins dying for Hitler at Stalingrad.

Though Harry is now gone, his wartime contributions and artistic legacy in honouring soldiers in British war cemeteries in France endure.

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Did Harry Rossney’s story of tending war graves resonate with you?

If his wartime experiences taught you something new, please consider following me @DrHelenFry for more authentic WWII stories.

I have plenty more to share.

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More from @DrHelenFry

Jun 29
Jewish refugee Garry Rogers fled Nazi Germany, only to return as a British soldier and hunt down war criminals.

From interrogating SS guards to securing justice, this is his first-hand account:
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Garry Rogers (Gunter Baumgart) joined the Control Commission in Germany and was transferred to the city of Cologne, which had suffered heavy Allied bombing during the war. Very little was left standing, and the famous cathedral had been severely damaged in the bombing raids.

Rogers was stationed five miles outside the city in a large German army barracks, which had been converted into a prisoner-of-war camp.

Several thousand German prisoners were housed in large concrete blocks, and an office was set up for the interpreters.

(continued)
"Life was very pleasant," comments Rogers. "As a Sergeant, I was entitled to many privileges and escaped the monotonous duties of the Other Ranks."

Then he received orders to report to a new unit, the 4th C.I.C. (Civilian Internment Camp), which was a branch of the Intelligence Corps dealing with interned war criminals and known Nazis. His destination was Recklinghausen, Westphalia, near the center of the Ruhr Gebiet, the industrial and coal-mining center of West Germany.

"Not a pretty town by any stretch of the imagination," he says, "but we weren’t there for the scenery."

(continued)
Read 12 tweets
Jun 28
Known as the 'Secret Ladies,' their WWII work in Room 29 of the Admiralty was so secretive that even staff communicated via a hatch in the wall.

They were never photographed.

Here’s what we do know about them:
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The ‘Secret Ladies’ was the informal name for a group of female civil servants, all temporary section assistants, working in Room 29 of the Admiralty.

Accessible only through Room 30, Room 29 was restricted to these women and Room 30 staff.

Other naval personnel, like couriers, had to use a hatch in the corridor wall for communication.

Room 29 housed seven to ten women, working shifts from 9am to 6pm and 6pm to 9am, with two on duty at night and varying numbers during the day.

(continued)
The ‘Secret Ladies’ logged, distributed, and filed ‘Z Messages’—paraphrased naval Enigma signals sent directly from Bletchley Park to the Admiralty.

The Admiralty alone received these messages directly, while other services got them via MI6’s naval section.

The women checked and logged all Ultra signals, delivering them to the War Registry for ciphering.

It was a demanding role, involving heavy workloads, processing large volumes of material, and frequent walking to promptly deliver typed Ultra signals to the duty Captain, duty Commander, and War Registry.

(continued)
Read 11 tweets
Jun 26
In 1938, a rogue pilot, his girlfriend, and a camera flew over Nazi Germany — and changed the future of spycraft forever.

What they captured helped build the foundation for modern intelligence and they did it from a hangar near London.

This is the story of Sidney Cotton:
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In 1938, MI6 recruited Sidney Cotton to pioneer new methods of studying and analysing German rearmament, using aerial photography from reconnaissance sorties.

Cotton based his nascent unit in a hangar in Heston Airfield, west of London.

His girlfriend, Pat Martin (pictured), was a good photographer, and as his companion on secret flights over Germany, she snapped shots of military installations and sites of potential interest to British intelligence.

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For the remainder of 1938 and into 1939, Cotton transformed the principles of photographic reconnaissance and instigated the changes that were required in the organisation of photographic interpretation.

He was instrumental in engaging civilian women as photographic interpreters (PIs) for this highly skilled and responsible analysis work.

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Read 7 tweets
Jun 21
During the Second World War, Geoffrey Perry, a German-Jewish refugee in the British forces, apprehended the notorious Nazi propagandist Lord Haw Haw with a non-fatal shot to the buttocks.

This is his personal account of the events on 28 May 1945:
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Berlin-born Geoffrey Perry (Horst Pinschewer), a member of T Force, successfully captured Radio Hamburg in early May 1945 as part of its mission.

He delivered the first Allied broadcast using the same microphone William Joyce (aka Lord Haw-Haw), Britain’s most wanted traitor and Fascist, had employed two days earlier for his final address to the German people.

After going into hiding, Joyce was arrested by Geoffrey and a colleague following a chance encounter in a forest north of Hamburg at the end of May.

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Geoffrey (pictured) recalls the day:

"On 28 May, Bertie Lickorish and I ventured out into the nearby forest to collect some firewood for the cooking stove. There we saw a man walking around on his own looking a bit lost. Lickorish and I did not take any notice of him and busied ourselves picking up bits of firewood and putting them in the truck.

The man approached us and asked: 'Would you like me to show you where there is some more firewood?' We said yes. Then Bertie said to me: 'That sounded remarkably like Lord Haw-Haw.' Having engaged the man in conversation, he began talking about deciduous trees. He spoke fluent English and clearly was very knowledgeable, but his voice sounded very much like that of the unmistakable William Joyce. So I said: 'You wouldn’t be William Joyce by any chance, would you?' At that, his hand plunged into his pocket."

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Read 8 tweets
Jun 18
From an aspiring historian in Vienna to a crucial MI6 operative, Beatrice Joan Osborne’s intelligence efforts in the prelude to the Second World War have remaind an enigmatic chapter of espionage, until now.

Let’s uncover her story:
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The arrest of the 'Spymaster' Thomas Joseph Kendrick in mid-August 1938 marked the most severe setback in MI6's first thirty years of operation.

The MI6 network across Europe was withdrawn, as it was feared the Germans had obtained the identities of all its personnel and agents.

After the initial panic subsided a few weeks later, the SIS network was cautiously reinstated.

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In May 1939, a new secretary joined the staff in Vienna.

She was the twenty-three-year-old Beatrice Joan Osborne.

It remains uncertain whether she was employed by SIS in Vienna, though by September 1939 she identified her employer as MI6.
Before the war began in 1939, she legally altered her surname from Oppenheim to Osborne via deed poll.

(continued)
Read 11 tweets
Jun 17
Willy Field endured a grueling four-month ordeal at Dachau concentration camp.

Against all odds, he survived.

This could be the most intricate thread you’ll ever read on the harsh realities of daily life at Dachau:
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On 7 November 1938, German diplomat Ernst vom Rath was shot in Paris by Polish Jew Herschel Grynszpan, an act of vengeance for his family’s deportation to Zbuczyn, a border settlement in the no-man’s-land between Germany and Poland.

Ernst vom Rath lay gravely ill in a French hospital. The Jewish communities of Germany and Austria would bear a severe penalty for Grynszpan’s deed, unaware of the extensive reprisals the Nazis would unleash in response to one individual’s actions.

Retaliation struck two days later. On 9 November, vom Rath succumbed to his injuries. Coincidentally, this date marked the fifteenth anniversary of Hitler’s unsuccessful Putsch (coup) in Munich in 1923, providing the pretext he had sought to unleash a wave of violence against the Jews.

(continued)
Joseph Goebbels, his Propaganda Minister, directed a vicious pogrom against the Jewish populations of Germany and Austria, with the State falsely asserting these attacks were spontaneous rather than pre-planned.

On the night of 9 November and into the 10th, the Nazis launched Kristallnacht, the Night of Broken Glass.

Across towns, villages, and cities in Germany and Austria, Stormtroopers shattered the windows of Jewish businesses, plundered shops, and set their buildings ablaze. Synagogues were torched, along with the Torah scrolls—the first five books of Moses.

That night, over a thousand synagogues throughout Germany and Austria were destroyed, many reduced to charred remnants of their former splendour.

(continued)
Read 34 tweets

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