The equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius in Rome is famous. However, the statue of Justinian in Constantinople dwarfed it!
“The horseman could have weighed more than 4425kg” whereas “the equestrian monument of Marcus Aurelius weighs ~2500kg.”
But, moving it was a challenge! 🧵
The scale was an issue when it came to moving it, and mounting it atop a column. The statue originally was of Theodosius, placed in the Forum of Theodosius.
This statue was reappropriated for use by Justinian. But, putting it atop a tall column was the biggest challenge.
“The logistical aspect of the reinstallation of the Theodosian sculpture is particularly notable for our purposes: the removing, the moving, and the lifting of the monument to the top of the triumphal column in the Augoustaion.”
“Forum Tauri lays 850 m to the west of the forum of Constantine, while the latter is ca. 600 m to the west of the Augoustaion.”
“This means that the extremely heavy bronze monument had to be first separated from its original base, carefully lowered onto some kind of conveyance, then moved almost two kilometers to the Augoustaion along the Mese over a somewhat hilly terrain.”
“The Mese would have been the widest route and the most direct avenue for this action. Imperial construction took precedence over other traffic, and by extension over the daily life of the city’s residents.”
“The traffic movement on the Mese would have come to a standstill for the duration of the sculpture’s travels to the new forum. After the move to the Augoustaion was successfully accomplished, the monument had to be lifted over 50m into the air, set atop the column on a plinth.”
“This was truly a monumental accomplishment of brilliant engineering. This remarkable undertaking also means that for contemporaries it was no secret from whence Justinian sourced his monument.”
The name of Theodosius was even on the statue!
Imagine the biggest street in your city having a gigantic statue moving slowly for days or weeks, congesting traffic, disrupting business, etc!
Source: The Bronze Horseman of Justinian in Constantinople by Elena Boeck
The Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus (“Little Hagia Sophia”) is distinguished by its splendid interior, especially its carved decoration.
Though I saw no mosaics when I went, and the outside wasn’t the most stunning, the beautiful interior details captivate the viewer!
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The columns and carved details combine rather elegantly in this building
Even though the dome and the walls have lost whatever mosaics they once had, the shape is still splendid. The beautiful columns around add to the magnificence.
It is a mosque which is in active use, and is referred to as Küçük Ayasofya Camii (Little Hagia Sophia Mosque)
In the year 1200, the last recorded foreign visit to Constantinople with good details prior to the Fourth Crusade occurred.
St Anthony of Novgorod gives us priceless details as he described countless relics and treasures of the Hagia Sophia, many of which were lost in 1204! 🧵🧵
He recorded seeing the “chariot of Constantine and Helena, made of silver; there are gold plates, enriched with pearls and little jewels, and numerous others of silver, which are used for services on Sundays and feast days: there is water also…coming out of a well by pipes.”
“Above the great altar in the middle is hung the crown of the Emperor Constantine, set with precious stones and pearls. Below it is a golden cross, which overhangs a golden dove. The crowns of the other emperors are hung around the ciborium, which is entirely made of silver and gold.”
I assume these were votive crowns like the one below.
Emperor John Tzimiskes “was one of the best military strategists in the empire’s history”
He impressively defeated a Rus-Bulgarian coalition, winning a “titanic war”
He deserves to be mentioned alongside Nikephoros Phokas or Basil II for the pinnacle of Eastern Roman power 🧵
The Rus invasion was a huge threat - not just an ordinary sea raid which could be dealt with using Greek fire. King Sviatoslav had greatly expanded his lands “with an army that included Magyars and Pechenegs, by early 970 he had overrun all of eastern Bulgaria to Philippopolis.”
“He took the Bulgarian tsar Boris II hostage, so that the Bulgarians were fighting on his side too. Some sources say that Sviatoslav had come at the invitation and payment of Nikephoros Phokas who wanted to punish Bulgaria not doing more to stop Magyar raids.”
The “longest water supply line from the ancient world” was that made for Constantinople!
It was “at least 2.5x the length of the longest recorded Roman aqueducts.” Constantinople was strategically perfectly located, but water was lacking and required engineering solutions 🧵🧵
It is an under-noticed Roman achievement: “At over 250km it is the longest water supply line known from the ancient world and it remains one of the greatest achievements of hydraulic engineering.”
The cisterns get a lot of attention, but the aqueduct deserves admiration!
It is “largely ignored in all standard accounts of Roman hydraulic engineering. The principle reason for this is that for much of their length, the water channels run through dense inhospitable forest, thereby effectively deterring archaeological investigations until recently.”
So many people incorrectly pretend as if Europeans invented conquest and imperialism. That’s the most Eurocentric view I’ve ever heard.
Conquest and exploitation is part of GLOBAL HUMAN history!
Here are 28 Examples of non-European empires 🧵🧵
Those who naively and incorrectly act like Europe is the only place or group of cultures that made empires and sought to conquer and exploit others are just factually wrong.
The rest of the world has their own very interesting history as well, maybe go learn about it!
Let’s keep going though, plenty of prolific non-European conquerors to go! Many of these groups raided, destroyed, and enslaved people.
But many who hate the West just don’t know or care about that.