Hagia Sophia was “famously completed in just 5 years and 10 months…a lightning-fast project compared with the speed of construction of other monumental churches, such as Notre Dame de Paris, which took almost 200 years.”
It became “likely the largest building in the world.” 🧵
“In contemporary praise Justinian had surpassed every ruler, for he built ‘a universal temple for all the nations of the earth.’”
To this day his legacy is quite enhanced by the building, even if it no longer performs its original intended function.
“Built audaciously by Justinian as a statement of his power, it towered over contemporary beholders, fascinated travelers to Constantinople, and became legendary in distant places. It gained a reputation as a place where heaven and earth meet”
“Smaller-scale namesakes were erected for centuries in the Orthodox world.” Examples are the Hagia Sophia in Kiev/Kyiv
There are also others in the Eastern Roman world in places like Nicaea, Trebizond, and Thessaloniki.
“Even during Byzantium’s last, impoverished decades, together with Justinian’s column it was assiduously restored and maintained.”
It became a nexus of political and spiritual life in the City.
The “Hagia Sophia quickly came to dominate religious and imperial life in Constantinople. Though built as the patriarchal church, it was the nodal space of religious ceremonials and imperial processions.”
“Hagia Sophia became the place of imperial coronations in 641 (beginning with Constans II). It served as the grand stage for contestation of power between patriarchs and emperors…”
“Hagia Sophia also served as the place of asylum for criminals and fugitives; concomitantly it was the place of judicial proceedings, where trials of murderers who sought refuge within its walls were carried out.”
“A description of Hagia Sophia is an exercise in superlatives for observers across the centuries. Most Byzantinists would agree that it is the single most important extant building of the Byzantine civilization.”
Source - The Bronze Horsemen of Justinian in Constantinople by Elena Boeck
Even after Constantinople fell in 1453, some Christian resistance persisted in the Aegean against Ottoman expansion!
The Greek island of Rhodes was Sultan Mehmed’s next target in 1480.
However, the Knights Hospitaller bravely defended their fortress against Ottoman forces!🧵🧵
Sultan Mehmed II, the famous conqueror of Constantinople, had systematically removed many Christian powers.
The Genoese lost Galata, Roman remnant states in Trebizond and the Morea were extinguished. The southern Balkans were secure under Turkish rule.
But many islands weren’t!
One obstacle for the Turks was the Order of the Knight’s Hospitaller, Crusaders whom had seized the island of Rhodes from the collapsing Roman Empire back in the 14th century.
The Ottomans intended to end this issue. Mehmed’s targets usually didn’t fare well.
“Ravenna was built on sandbanks and wooden piles, with bridges over the many canals that flowed around and into the city, just like Venice in later centuries.”
How and why did the city of Ravenna became a Roman capital? 🧵🧵
Ravenna is “situated as not to be easily approached either by ships or a land army...A army cannot approach it at all; for the river Po ... and other navigable rivers together with some marshes, encircle it on all sides and so cause the city to be surrounded by water”
-Prokopios
Ravenna had all the necessary ingredients of a Roman capital city - “municipal buildings, facilities for public entertainment, temples and, eventually, churches - scattered across the harshly land seperateing the Padenna and Lamisa tributaries of the Po.”
What was it like to enter Constantinople through the land walls and make your way through the Queen of Cities?
“Perhaps the best way to appreciate the impact that Constantinople would have had is to follow the path that would have been taken by a visitor.”
A tour of the city 🧵
“Most visitors…came by land, and their first inkling of the city beyond would come when the towers of immense defensive Land Walls that stretched from the Golden Horn to the Sea of Marmara came into view and barred any further progress.”
They had to apply to enter through one of the gates.
“The Golden Gate, an impressive structure topped with two bronze elephants and covered in classical reliefs from an earlier age.”
It “was reserved for emperors returning from victorious campaigns and normally remained closed”
The equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius in Rome is famous. However, the statue of Justinian in Constantinople dwarfed it!
“The horseman could have weighed more than 4425kg” whereas “the equestrian monument of Marcus Aurelius weighs ~2500kg.”
But, moving it was a challenge! 🧵
The scale was an issue when it came to moving it, and mounting it atop a column. The statue originally was of Theodosius, placed in the Forum of Theodosius.
This statue was reappropriated for use by Justinian. But, putting it atop a tall column was the biggest challenge.
“The logistical aspect of the reinstallation of the Theodosian sculpture is particularly notable for our purposes: the removing, the moving, and the lifting of the monument to the top of the triumphal column in the Augoustaion.”
The Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus (“Little Hagia Sophia”) is distinguished by its splendid interior, especially its carved decoration.
Though I saw no mosaics when I went, and the outside wasn’t the most stunning, the beautiful interior details captivate the viewer!
🧵🧵
The columns and carved details combine rather elegantly in this building
Even though the dome and the walls have lost whatever mosaics they once had, the shape is still splendid. The beautiful columns around add to the magnificence.
It is a mosque which is in active use, and is referred to as Küçük Ayasofya Camii (Little Hagia Sophia Mosque)
In the year 1200, the last recorded foreign visit to Constantinople with good details prior to the Fourth Crusade occurred.
St Anthony of Novgorod gives us priceless details as he described countless relics and treasures of the Hagia Sophia, many of which were lost in 1204! 🧵🧵
He recorded seeing the “chariot of Constantine and Helena, made of silver; there are gold plates, enriched with pearls and little jewels, and numerous others of silver, which are used for services on Sundays and feast days: there is water also…coming out of a well by pipes.”
“Above the great altar in the middle is hung the crown of the Emperor Constantine, set with precious stones and pearls. Below it is a golden cross, which overhangs a golden dove. The crowns of the other emperors are hung around the ciborium, which is entirely made of silver and gold.”
I assume these were votive crowns like the one below.