Hagia Sophia was “famously completed in just 5 years and 10 months…a lightning-fast project compared with the speed of construction of other monumental churches, such as Notre Dame de Paris, which took almost 200 years.”
It became “likely the largest building in the world.” 🧵
“In contemporary praise Justinian had surpassed every ruler, for he built ‘a universal temple for all the nations of the earth.’”
To this day his legacy is quite enhanced by the building, even if it no longer performs its original intended function.
“Built audaciously by Justinian as a statement of his power, it towered over contemporary beholders, fascinated travelers to Constantinople, and became legendary in distant places. It gained a reputation as a place where heaven and earth meet”
“Smaller-scale namesakes were erected for centuries in the Orthodox world.” Examples are the Hagia Sophia in Kiev/Kyiv
There are also others in the Eastern Roman world in places like Nicaea, Trebizond, and Thessaloniki.
“Even during Byzantium’s last, impoverished decades, together with Justinian’s column it was assiduously restored and maintained.”
It became a nexus of political and spiritual life in the City.
The “Hagia Sophia quickly came to dominate religious and imperial life in Constantinople. Though built as the patriarchal church, it was the nodal space of religious ceremonials and imperial processions.”
“Hagia Sophia became the place of imperial coronations in 641 (beginning with Constans II). It served as the grand stage for contestation of power between patriarchs and emperors…”
“Hagia Sophia also served as the place of asylum for criminals and fugitives; concomitantly it was the place of judicial proceedings, where trials of murderers who sought refuge within its walls were carried out.”
“A description of Hagia Sophia is an exercise in superlatives for observers across the centuries. Most Byzantinists would agree that it is the single most important extant building of the Byzantine civilization.”
Source - The Bronze Horsemen of Justinian in Constantinople by Elena Boeck
The equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius in Rome is famous. However, the statue of Justinian in Constantinople dwarfed it!
“The horseman could have weighed more than 4425kg” whereas “the equestrian monument of Marcus Aurelius weighs ~2500kg.”
But, moving it was a challenge! 🧵
The scale was an issue when it came to moving it, and mounting it atop a column. The statue originally was of Theodosius, placed in the Forum of Theodosius.
This statue was reappropriated for use by Justinian. But, putting it atop a tall column was the biggest challenge.
“The logistical aspect of the reinstallation of the Theodosian sculpture is particularly notable for our purposes: the removing, the moving, and the lifting of the monument to the top of the triumphal column in the Augoustaion.”
The Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus (“Little Hagia Sophia”) is distinguished by its splendid interior, especially its carved decoration.
Though I saw no mosaics when I went, and the outside wasn’t the most stunning, the beautiful interior details captivate the viewer!
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The columns and carved details combine rather elegantly in this building
Even though the dome and the walls have lost whatever mosaics they once had, the shape is still splendid. The beautiful columns around add to the magnificence.
It is a mosque which is in active use, and is referred to as Küçük Ayasofya Camii (Little Hagia Sophia Mosque)
In the year 1200, the last recorded foreign visit to Constantinople with good details prior to the Fourth Crusade occurred.
St Anthony of Novgorod gives us priceless details as he described countless relics and treasures of the Hagia Sophia, many of which were lost in 1204! 🧵🧵
He recorded seeing the “chariot of Constantine and Helena, made of silver; there are gold plates, enriched with pearls and little jewels, and numerous others of silver, which are used for services on Sundays and feast days: there is water also…coming out of a well by pipes.”
“Above the great altar in the middle is hung the crown of the Emperor Constantine, set with precious stones and pearls. Below it is a golden cross, which overhangs a golden dove. The crowns of the other emperors are hung around the ciborium, which is entirely made of silver and gold.”
I assume these were votive crowns like the one below.
Emperor John Tzimiskes “was one of the best military strategists in the empire’s history”
He impressively defeated a Rus-Bulgarian coalition, winning a “titanic war”
He deserves to be mentioned alongside Nikephoros Phokas or Basil II for the pinnacle of Eastern Roman power 🧵
The Rus invasion was a huge threat - not just an ordinary sea raid which could be dealt with using Greek fire. King Sviatoslav had greatly expanded his lands “with an army that included Magyars and Pechenegs, by early 970 he had overrun all of eastern Bulgaria to Philippopolis.”
“He took the Bulgarian tsar Boris II hostage, so that the Bulgarians were fighting on his side too. Some sources say that Sviatoslav had come at the invitation and payment of Nikephoros Phokas who wanted to punish Bulgaria not doing more to stop Magyar raids.”
The “longest water supply line from the ancient world” was that made for Constantinople!
It was “at least 2.5x the length of the longest recorded Roman aqueducts.” Constantinople was strategically perfectly located, but water was lacking and required engineering solutions 🧵🧵
It is an under-noticed Roman achievement: “At over 250km it is the longest water supply line known from the ancient world and it remains one of the greatest achievements of hydraulic engineering.”
The cisterns get a lot of attention, but the aqueduct deserves admiration!
It is “largely ignored in all standard accounts of Roman hydraulic engineering. The principle reason for this is that for much of their length, the water channels run through dense inhospitable forest, thereby effectively deterring archaeological investigations until recently.”