1/4 On August 13, 1940, the Battle of Britain escalated dramatically. It was "Adlertag"—Eagle Day.
The German plan: Use the full might of the Luftwaffe to smash the RAF's Fighter Command in a series of massive, coordinated attacks. Here's how the day unfolded.
2/4 The day began poorly for the Luftwaffe. Morning raids were hampered by bad weather, leading to confusion and uncoordinated attacks.
German bombers, believing their fighter escorts were present, flew into ambushes. RAF radar stations, though targeted, were often quickly repaired or had backups. #MilitaryHistory #BattleOfBritain
3/4 The fighting was intense. RAF pilots, though outnumbered, fought with incredible tenacity. The iconic Spitfire and Hurricane proved more than a match for the German fighters at the altitudes the battles were fought.
The Luftwaffe lost 47 aircraft, while the RAF lost 13. Crucially, Germany failed to land a knockout blow.
4/4 Adlertag was a strategic failure for Germany. It demonstrated the resilience of the RAF's command and control system and the skill of its pilots. The Few would continue to hold the line.
What do you think was the single biggest reason for the Luftwaffe's failure on Eagle Day?
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1/12 An emperor lay dead on the field. An entire Roman army was annihilated. A defeat so total that many historians call it the beginning of the end of the Western Roman Empire.
This is the story of a forgotten, world-changing disaster: the Battle of Adrianople, 378 AD. 🧵
2/12 The Context: A Refugee Crisis on the Danube
The late 4th Century. A new, terrifying force, the Huns, sweeps out of the Central Asian steppes, conquering and displacing all in their path.
Fleeing this onslaught, a massive confederation of Gothic tribes led by their chieftain Fritigern arrives at the Danube River—the Roman frontier—and begs for asylum within the safety of the Empire.
3/12 A Crisis Grossly Mismanaged:
The Eastern Roman Emperor, Valens, agrees to let them cross, seeing the Goths as a potential source of desperately needed army recruits.
However, corrupt local Roman officials turn the situation into a humanitarian disaster. They exploit the refugees, selling them dog meat for the price of their children, withholding food, and abusing them. The starving, desperate Goths are pushed to the breaking point.
1/14 It was the final clash of the Crusades. A tiny island garrison against the full might of the Ottoman Empire. For four months in 1565, the fate of the Mediterranean, and perhaps all of Europe, was decided by fire, steel, and sheer will.
This is the story of the Great Siege of Malta. 🧵
2/14 The Stakes:
Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, the most powerful ruler on Earth, sought to eradicate his old nemeses: the Knights of St. John (the Hospitallers).
By conquering Malta, he would gain a strategic base to launch invasions into Sicily and Italy, shattering Christian naval power in the Mediterranean. This was an existential threat to Christendom.
3/14 The Defenders:
The Knights were a battle-hardened religious order. They were led by their 70-year-old Grand Master, Jean Parisot de Valette, a man of iron will and decades of combat experience against the Ottomans.
His force was tiny: roughly 600 Knights, 2,000 professional Spanish and Italian soldiers, and about 4,000 Maltese militia. They were vastly outnumbered but defending some of the most advanced fortifications in the world.
1/12 He was nicknamed "the Great" at 25, yet also called the "teenage butcher." He was the Roman Republic's most celebrated general, who conquered the East and swept the seas clean.
But his entire career was built on a collision course with a younger, more ruthless rival: Julius Caesar. This is the tragic story of Pompey the Great. 🧵
2/12 The Young Conqueror:
Pompey burst onto the scene during the civil wars of the dictator Sulla. With no official authority, he raised his own private army from his father's veterans.
His campaigns in Sicily and Africa were so swift and brutal that they earned him his fearsome nickname and an unprecedented honour for one so young: a Triumphal parade in Rome. His ambition was clear from the start.
3/12 War in Spain:
Pompey's first great test came against the renegade Roman general Sertorius in Hispania. It was a brutal, grinding war where the young Pompey was often outmanoeuvred.
But he learned, adapted, and persevered. His eventual victory after years of struggle solidified his reputation as a tenacious and capable commander.
1/15 How do you win a battle when you are massively outnumbered, trapped, and being attacked from both the front and the rear?
You build a prison around your enemy, then build a fortress around yourself.
This is the story of Julius Caesar's masterpiece of military engineering: The Siege of Alesia (52 BC). 🧵
2/15 The Context:
The Gallic Wars have raged for nearly a decade. For the first time, the fractured tribes of Gaul have united under one charismatic leader, Vercingetorix. He has raised a huge army to expel the Romans from their lands for good.
Caesar, deep in hostile territory and outnumbered, has managed to trap Vercingetorix and his main army of 80,000 warriors inside the hilltop fortress (oppidum) of Alesia.
3/15 The Problem:
Alesia is perched on a high plateau, naturally defensible and too strong to be taken by a direct assault. With his own army of only ~50,000 legionaries, Caesar knows a frontal attack would be a suicidal bloodbath.
His solution? If you can't go over the walls, make sure no one can get out. He decides to starve them out.
1/10 In the summer of 1940, the German war machine stood on the shores of France, looking across the water at a defiant Britain. The invasion plan was codenamed 'Operation Sea Lion.'
It never happened. But what if it had? Let's walk through one of history's most terrifying alternate timelines.
2/10 For Sea Lion to even begin, one thing must happen: the Luftwaffe must defeat the RAF. Let's assume, for our scenario, that through sheer weight of numbers they achieve a bloody, narrow, and temporary air superiority over the Channel and the South-East coast in late September 1940.
3/10 Under the fragile cover of the Luftwaffe, the invasion begins. It's not a fleet of purpose-built landing craft. It's a motley collection of over 2,000 converted river barges and transport ships. Slow, unwieldy, and terrifyingly vulnerable, they begin their journey across der Kanal.
1/10 Ever heard of a general who reconquered Rome for the Romans, defeated enemies on three continents, and saved his emperor's throne, only to be rewarded with suspicion and betrayal?
Meet Flavius Belisarius. A name that should stand with Caesar and Scipio, but is often lost to history.
2/10 Our story begins in the 530s AD. The Western Roman Empire is gone, but the Eastern (Byzantine) Empire, under Emperor Justinian I, dreams of restoring it.
Justinian has the ambition, but Belisarius has the genius. His first major test: the Vandalic Kingdom in North Africa. With just 15,000 men, he shatters the Vandals in less than a year, restoring the province to the Empire.
3/10 Before he could even begin the reconquest, Belisarius saved the Empire itself. During the Nika Riots of 532 AD in Constantinople, the city was in flames and the Emperor Justinian was about to flee.
Belisarius, with a handful of loyal troops, cornered the rioters in the Hippodrome and ended the revolt. He secured Justinian's throne through sheer ruthlessness and loyalty.