Thread: For those of us in math, science or philosophy, there are often a chosen few books which serve as "gateway drugs" during formative years. For me, one of the few such gateway drugs was Penrose's "The Emperor's New Mind" which I first discovered in college.
When I first The Emperor’s New Mind, it felt magical, as if I had just entered a new universe. I’d vaguely heard about quantum mechanics, Gödel, and general relativity, but Penrose didn’t just explain them. He opened a door, and suddenly there was an entire landscape behind it.
What makes Penrose special is that he’s not just a brilliant explainer. He’s both interpreter and architect: he walks you through vast domains of physics, math, computer science, and neuroscience, then builds his own original theory atop them.
Where Greene’s The Elegant Universe or Hawking's A Brief History of Time are masterful tours through an existing landscape, Penrose is drawing the map as you walk with him. He’s not merely surveying knowledge, he’s constructing a bold, coherent vision of reality.
He fuses rigorous reasoning with bold leaps: Gödel’s incompleteness, Turing machines, quantum mechanics, consciousness, and quantum gravity all become pieces in his argument. Whether his arguments are right or wrong is secondary: it's the imagination and brilliance that stick out
For a young college student who had vaguely heard of these things and knew they were exciting, it was like being given a key to a magic kingdom. You didn't understand everything in it, and maybe some of it was a mirage, but the sheer view was exhilarating.
Perhaps best of all, Penrose doesn’t sugarcoat or oversimplify. He gives you actual arguments, sketches proofs, draws Penrose diagrams. It’s like being invited into a grown-up intellectual conversation for the first time, peeking behind the curtain of real science.
Penrose writes like a 19th-century natural philosopher: uniting math, physics, and philosophy with audacious synthesis. That’s why it stays with you long after the details fade. You’re not just reading Penrose. You’re thinking alongside him. The experience was unforgettable.
Even today when someone, say a parent, asks me if I have a recommendation for their son or daughter to get excited about science I recommend The Emperor's New Mind, not to understand modern physics or math or philosophy of science but to get a taste of how amazing it all is.
There are a few others like that: books which are more magical experience than anything else. The Feynman Lectures, "Gödel, Escher, Bach", John Casti's "Paradigms Lost" were others that shook me to the core, each in its own way. None are easy, all are a gateway drug.
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Short thread: There are some seminal ideas in the history of science that can be called "wrong but brilliant". They might fail in their original formulation but become enshrined in science later. One of them was Hermann Weyl's idea of a gauge.
In 1918, Weyl wanted to extend GR to include electromagnetism. In GR, the lengths of vectors are invariant under parallel transport in spacetime. Weyl wanted to give them an additional degree of freedom. He proposed that the vectors' length scale (or "gauge") could vary.
Weyl wanted the physical laws to be invariant under this scale change. This invariance under a local rescaling of the spacetime metric was a "gauge transformation". He thought this gauge invariance would be similar to the transformation of the EM potential in Maxwell's theory.
1/n: There are some academic papers that are so brilliantly and so accessibly written and so universal in scope that they transcend disciplines and stand as timeless testaments to both great thinking and great writing. Here's a short personal selection:
Paul Krugman on Ricardo's principle of comparative advantage. Somehow Krugman, in explaining one of the subtlest and most interesting ideas in all of economics, manages to cram in brilliant and clear discussions of evolution, philosophy and history web.mit.edu/krugman/www/ri…
Frank Westheimer on why nature chose phosphates: phosphates are ubiquitous in DNA, RNA and other biomolecules. Why these and not sulfates, acetates or any other "ates"? What really jumps out from this paper are Westheimer's brilliantly simple explanations archives.evergreen.edu/webpages/curri…
1/n: On one of Jefferson's most famous and most misunderstood quotes. This quote has often been misunderstood as a general bloodthirsty cry for revolution. In fact it's much more mundane, a specific response to a specific event.
Jefferson's quote was part of a letter sent to John Adams's son-in-law William Smith on November 13, 1787 when Jefferson was in France as U.S. ambassador. The letter was in response to initial reports from the constitutional convention.
Initial reports indicated that the term of the president was to to be from a period of 4 years to potentially for life. Jefferson also thought that this provision was in response to a recent rebellion by farmers in Massachusetts against unfair taxation (Shay's Rebellion).
Thread: Oppenheimer was central to the Manhattan Project’s success and was a phenomenal and inspiring leader, but no one man could have made it work and it’s important to remember that it was still very much a team endeavor. Here are a few people whose key ideas made it possible:
Seth Neddermeyer originally came up with the critical idea of implosion used in the plutonium bomb. Explosives expert George Kistiakowsky made a perfectly spherical explosion work.
James Tuck came up with the idea of using shaped charges and explosives of different burn rates to make implosion accurate. John von Neumann worked out the complex hydrodynamics and details.
A few recent books I have enjoyed reading: 1. Brenda Maddox's moving, informative portrait of Rosalind Franklin giving her her rightful place in history. amazon.com/dp/0060985089?…
2. Stanley Deser's revealing autobiography detailing his escape from the Nazis, work in general relativity, character portraits of famous physicists at Harvard, the IAS etc. amazon.com/dp/981123566X?…
3. Robert Gellately's superb study of the different paths people took to Nazism. Not all worshipped Hitler and were driven, at least initially, by a combination of ideology, opportunism and desperation. Lessons for our times. amazon.com/dp/0190689900?…
This recollection of Ed Witten's early career by a friend from his college days is really something. It shows that even geniuses can meander and flounder quite a bit before making a mark.
The friend is history professor Robert Weisbrot, of Colby College.