“In the days of Justinian, ships around Constantinople were terrorized for over 50 years by a whale whom locals called Porphyrios, presumably from the dark-wine color of its skin.”
The angry whale sank ships and terrified others.
It was like the “Jaws” of the Roman Empire!
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Prokopios described the beast: “the whale, which the residents of Byzantion (Constantinople) called Porphyrios…had harassed Byzantion and its surroundings for over 50 years, but not continuously, for sometimes it would disappear for long periods of time.”
“The Emperor Justinian made it a priority to capture the beast, but he could find no way by which to accomplish this.”
Justinian normally figured out a way to solve problems, but this one proved too much.
The whale inspired fear, “forcing ships to make great detours from their course.” The thing allegedly even hunted dolphins and ate them!
However, eventually the whale met its end chasing those dolphins!
“One day it began to chase and eat some dolphins, but it ran aground in the mud and got stuck. The locals came out with axes and cut it into to pieces. Some of the locals began to eat it on the spot; while others took away their portion to cure (Prokopios, Wars 7.29.16).”
The whale was very large. The people dragged it out of the mud with ropes after having attacked the whale with axes.
Then the locals measured it - “placing it on wagons, they found its length to be more than thirty cubits and its width ten cubits.”
One can imagine a whale would have been quite the intimidating threat for sailors, even anxiety that it might occur would be a fear. Perhaps rumors circulated at the ports, for example.
Sources:
A Cabinet of Byzantine Curiosities: Strange Tales and Surprising Facts from History's Most Orthodox Empire
By the 1230’s the Romans in Nicaea were ready to expand in Europe.
The Latin Empire was weakened and Emperor John III Doukas Vatatzes wanted to liberate Constantinople.
John engaged in an unlikely alliance with Bulgaria and a joint siege of Constantinople was laid in 1235! 🧵
The Romans and Bulgarians agreed the Treaty of Kallipolis where they agreed to destroy the Latins and partition Thrace in a mutually beneficial manner. To cement the alliance, Theodore II Laskaris married Elena of Bulgaria.
With the son of the Roman Emperor and daughter of the Bulgarian Tsar Ivan Asen II in union, a fruitful alliance seemed in place. The first mission was to oust the crusaders from Constantinople.
Taking the city was not easy though, and the attacking army faced serious challenges.
The infamous battle of Manzikert in 1071 wasn’t the first battle there.
In 1054 the Seljuk Sultan mobilised his formidable army and marched against Romans.
The Turks planned to conquer Manzikert. But the brave Roman defenders and their valiant commander had other ideas!
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The Seljuks, at odds with the Romans, had “combined all the Persian and Babylonian forces and invaded the Roman Empire.”
They found many cities were garrisoned with walls, the Turks ultimately decided upon “trying the strength of Manzikert.”
“Manzikert is a city lying on a plain but it is surrounded by a triple wall and has a plentiful supply of spring water. At that time it was very well supplied with the necessities of life.”
(Below is an old picture of the city in the Ottoman era to get an idea)
How was Anatolia Turkified? One demographic instrument was Seljuk men often taking Christian wives and concubines from the Roman population in Anatolia.
The children would be raised Muslim, even with Christian mothers, and over time this contribute to a one way ethnic shift 🧵
One must keep in mind for context:
Muslim men could take Christian wives, but Muslim women couldn’t marry Christians. So this form of demographic pressure was purely one way. This is in addition to the opportunity and incentive to convert to Islam, as opposed to being a dhimmi.
The Seljuk royal family had a harem, much like the far more famous Ottoman harem. This was a polygamous institution, whereby the Sultan could have 4 wives and as many enslaved concubines as he desired. In Seljuk Anatolia, these were quite often Rum women, Romans.
Liquid fire was a legendary Eastern Roman weapon that saved Constantinople and incinerated enemy fleets!
In the 15th century John Chortasmenos read old histories and wondered:
“Where is this Greek Fire now?”
It was long gone, but when and how did they lose this weapon?
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The fearsome substance had quite a reputation. When the Crusaders attacked Constantinople in 1204 they seemed to prepare for it to be deployed against them, but they did not have to face it.
Instead, it seems the technology at some point had already been lost forever.
“According to Niketas(Choniates), the Venetians covered their galleys with ox hides as protection against fire, almost as though they expected to have to counter Greek Fire; however, neither he nor any Latin chronicler mentioned it actually being used against them.”
During the 9th century the Eastern Roman Empire deployed a beacon system allowing it to send warnings of danger from the border with the Arabs to Constantinople in rapid time.
How did this “Lord of the Rings” style system work?
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This system was likely “created by Leo the Mathematician, who devised a code for the interpretation of signals, and had two identical water clocks made for the terminal stations. His work took account of the difference in longitude and the time the signal needed for transmission”
“Signals were flashed from Loulon north of the Cilician Gates, where the Arabs would be first observed, to Argos on the Hasan Dag in Cappadocia, thence by a series of unidentified stations to Mokilos above Pylai, then to Mt. Auxentios and the imperial palace… about 450 miles.”
In the 9th century the Emirate of Crete was raiding and enslaving people across the Aegean
One Roman admiral stepped up, Niketas Ooryphas!
He defeated the Saracens, taking harsh measures to ensure “they would think twice before sending an expedition against the Roman Empire.”🧵
Niketas had to deal with a raid heading towards the Sea of Marmara sent by the Emirate of Crete, a state which constantly terrorized the Aegean with raids targeting loot and slaves.
In this case the enemy “had advanced as far as the Proconnesos of the Hellespont.”
The Arab raiders “enslaved the people, looting and burning” as they went.
However, eventually they were “met at the mouth of the Aegean, near Kardia, by the patrician Niketas Ooryphas, droungarios of the admiralty now commanding the Roman fleet.”