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Alden Whitfeld Profile picture
@AldenWhitfeld
Dec 16 • 2 tweets • 2 min read • Read on X
From Farris (2006):

- Black students are more likely to be bullies while white students are more likely to be victims of bullying.

- Black on white bullying is 64% more common than white on black bullying.

- Race differences in bullying is not explained by parental socioeconomic status.

- Lastly, black students who bully are more popular among their peers while no relationship was found for white students.

Link to paper:
cdr.lib.unc.edu/concern/disser…Image
Similar results from the U.K. as well:

x.com/cremieuxrecuei…

Increasing the share of non-whites increases bullying victimization for both white and black students:

x.com/cremieuxrecuei…

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More from @AldenWhitfeld

Alden Whitfeld Profile picture
May 10
Interesting study from 2015 investigating 158 countries from 1960 to 2007 and comparing human development across electoral authoritarian regimes (these regimes have a legislature in which elections are held, but the executive branch is functionally completely independent and runs the show) and democracies using instrumental variables. Electoral authoritarian and democracies perform comparably in reducing infant mortality.Image
We see that they also perform similarly across other indicators of development: Image
The one area in which electoral authoritarian regimes performed worse than democracies on was when it came to political liberties, perhaps unsurprisingly (Table 3). Since they provide both the coefficient and the t-statistic in their tables, it's possible to manually compute the CIs of the effect sizes.

Civil Liberties
EA History: Coefficient = 0.15, t = 2.33, SE = 0.15/2.33 ≈ 0.064495%, CI: 0.15 ± 1.96 × 0.0644 ≈ [0.0237, 0.2763]

Democracy History: Coefficient = 0.39, t = 8.19, SE = 0.39/8.19 ≈ 0.047695%, CI: 0.39 ± 1.96 × 0.0476 ≈ [0.2967, 0.4833]

No overlap, probably a real difference.

Free Speech
EA History: Coefficient = 0.11, t = 1.32, SE = 0.11/1.32 ≈ 0.083395%, CI: 0.11 ± 1.96 × 0.0833 ≈ [-0.0533, 0.2733]

Democracy History: Coefficient = 0.35, t = 5.31, SE = 0.35/5.31 ≈ 0.065995%, CI: 0.35 ± 1.96 × 0.0659 ≈ [0.2208, 0.4792]

Hard to interpret because even though the CIs did overlap, the effect size for EA History was not significant at the start.

Women's Rights
EA History: Coefficient = 0.14, t = 2.13, SE = 0.14/2.13 ≈ 0.065795%, CI: 0.14 ± 1.96 × 0.0657 ≈ [0.0112, 0.2688]

Democracy History: Coefficient = 0.18, t = 3.55, SE = 0.18/3.55 ≈ 0.050795%, CI: 0.18 ± 1.96 × 0.0507 ≈ [0.0806, 0.2794]

Significant overlap, likely no difference.

Physical Integrity
EA History: Coefficient = 0.03, t = 0.45, SE = 0.03/0.45 ≈ 0.066795%, CI: 0.03 ± 1.96 × 0.0667 ≈ [-0.1007, 0.1607]

Democracy History: Coefficient = 0.14, t = 3.15, SE = 0.14/3.15 ≈ 0.044495%, CI: 0.14 ± 1.96 × 0.0444 ≈ [0.0529, 0.2271]

Same case as free speech, hard to interpret because EA History was not significant from the start despite the overlapping CIs.

So all we know for certain is that when it comes to political liberties, electoral authoritarian regimes like women's rights as much as democracies do, cringe!Image
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